Hilda Black Tax Letter

Interest Charges Dear Mrs†¦ Black: Thank you for your phone call in regards to your concern about the interest penalties and charges from the IRS regarding the bonds you cashed in last April during tax time. I write you this letter to inform you that I am unable to pay these fines, as explained in this letter. Last April, you called and kindly asked if rolling funds over room one retirement fund to another Is considered a tax event.When doing this type of transaction, if done within 60 days, Is not considered a tax event. When these funds are drawn to supplement retirement income, taxes are paid on the portion representing interest earned. On the contrary, bonds are not the same type of transaction as retirement accounts In terms of Interest paid during tax time. Unfortunately, the IRS requires that taxes be paid on interest made and/or capital main the April following cashing In these bonds.The $1 ,309. 72 In taxes and penalties you are receiving are from cashing In the bonds w e spoke of last year. I am not In a position where I am liable for these charges, and apologize for any confusion from our talk last year. I value you as my client, and strive for the best relationship possible. If I can be of any help In communication with the IRS, or If you have any questions before or during next tax season, please do not hesitate to call me. Sincerely, Alyssa Hill

Be True to Yourself Essay

William Shakespeare, perhaps the most extraordinary writer who ever lived, includes some magnificent philosophical truths in his work. Brilliantly constructed, his world-renowned play, Hamlet, demonstrates his excellence. When reading it, I felt privileged to read such beautifully written language, and choosing my favorite quote was difficult. In the beginning of the play, Laertes prepares to go to France. Naturally, his father Polonius gives him some special words of advice before he leaves, â€Å"[t]his above all: to thine own self be true, / And it must follow, as night the day/ Thou canst not then be false to any man† (I.ii.84-86). If Laertes is honest with himself his father believes he won’t misrepresent himself to others, and he will be a true gentleman. Not only is this quote pleasurable reading, it is entirely truthful. Lying and cheating are two violations of this truth that I’ve witnessed frequently. For example, English has always been one of my weaker subjects because I’m not a very efficient reader. Even so, I study hard for my tests and often get a decent result. However, several others, whose English skills are also relatively weak, choose to cheat, there by obtaining a grade equal to or higher than my own. I could easily do this as well—leaving more time to sleep and devote to soccer—but not while being true to myself. After studying intently for a test and getting the result I deserve, I’m completely satisfied, with the grade and myself. This is what’s important according to Shakespeare: to be able to look into the mirror and be proud of the face looking back.

What is Visual Art Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

What is Visual Art - Term Paper Example There are some rats that are included in the visual arts for instance the applied arts like industrial design, fashion design graphic design and interior design. All these arts serve the purpose of decorating the laces they are fixed. They affect our cognitive and, this shows that there is a relationship between visual arts and psychology (Esaak, 2011). According to Esaak (2011), visual art is something that is created to please the senses. Fine arts are derived from visual arts. Most people believe that visual arts and all types of arts are not intellectually demanding because they do not need a lot of effort to come up with them. This is not true because they require people to employ their psychology ability so that the product of the artist is appealing to the observers. Physicists are always placed before the painters because they are believed that they do not use their might in coming up with the designs they make (Efland, 2002). There are psychological questions that so many pe ople need to answer because they feel that arts are inferior. Visual arts are economical apart from the fact that they decorate the rooms they are placed. Many artists have galleries in which they exhibit their works for customers to buy. By doing this, they get an income which sustain their economy (Sullivan, 2009). Governments have put efforts to integrate arts in schools because they boost the creativity of the students. Many young people enjoy abstract art because it is not directed towards achieving anything in general. From the abstractness, of art, life is artistic and, no one can doubt the fact that the cosmos has been created in an artistic manner because appeals to our eyes (Efland, 2002). Nature has its way of appreciating art because so many people have created museums whereby they keep artistic items where people pay a fee to have a look at them. This shows that they enjoy art and derive satisfaction from just looking at the items (Esaak, 2011). There is an assumption t hat artists are intellectually inferior which needs to be overpowered completely. Platonic ideals are highly abstract meaning that human beings can derive their satisfaction for abstract things (Salmon, 2001). Artistic things can at times be a source of mystery bewilderment and puzzlement because they represent the ideas of the artists. Many people feel that the artist has not finished his work but, he ought not to be judged because a work of art is never complete (Sullivan, 2009). For instance, Rene Magritte’s painting of 1963 of The Telescope. In that drawing, we see the incompleteness of the drawing but, beyond the abstractness there is a puzzlement of the drawing. The total darkness in the drawing and yet the telescope drawing confuses the observer but, the artists require bone to engage in a highly intellectual quest. Abstractness is an achievement of imagination and the observer needs to infer meaning of the visual arts in relation to the images he had seen before plus the present features of the drawing (Salmon, 2001). Arts education is affected by three things, which are the, tendency to thing that arts are a source of entertainment, elective options and frivolous occupations. They are accorded the position of cultural ‘nice’ but, they do not have a platform to exercise their ability in the education sector. They miss the seriousness the sciences are taken with because people feel that they do not need to have arts as a priority because they are needed in the leisure times. There is the lack of awareness of the art subject because many people still feel that it is a leisure subject (Salmon, 2001). It is imperative to

Intellectual Property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intellectual Property - Essay Example The inventor of an intellectual property is not supposed to resign the company after creating a property in order to write his or her name as the inventor of that property. Intellectual property is a very important thing for any company. If a company acquires some other firm or company, it also acquires the right of intellectual property of that firm or company. For the proper protection and exploitation of intellectual property, the business owners need to be aware of how and when they created the intellectual property. Once the business owners create the intellectual property, they need to manage their intellectual property portfolio, capture and maximize value of the innovative ideas, monitor the infringements, and enforce the intellectual property rights. Intellectual property is a unique thing, which differentiates a person or a company for other people or companies. For example, a symbol or a logo is intellectual property of a company, which represents the company in the market . Unauthorized use of intellectual property has given rise to a number of court cases. Experts strongly recommend the companies to protect their intellectual properties using four different methods, which include patents, trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets.

SWOT Analysis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

SWOT Analysis - Term Paper Example At that time the start of the company was poor and it managed to manufacture a car which was known as Toyopet. However, Toyota Company came back strongly into the market in 1965. At that time they manufactured the 90-horsepower Corona sedan which became popular in the market. Since then, the company has been able to manufacture different brands which include; the Corolla, Camry, Toyota trucks, the Lexus luxury brand, Scion and the first gas and electric hybrid Prius (Hino, 2006). Prius was the first worldwide and was manufactured purposely for the 21st century. Among the many consumers of the company, Americans have remained supportive to the company. According to Kurtz, (2008), they have been attracted by the company car’s quality, dependability and its reliability. The company’s mission statement is to be able to sustain growth which is profitable through the provision of perfect customer experience and support in dealership. Toyota Company has several strengths and w eaknesses. The strengths include; Company’s High financial strength; the investment of the company in several factories located in the US and china resulted in increased profits in 2005. This was unique from the well known worldwide trend in the motor industry. The net profits of the company rose rapidly and higher sales were also witnessed. This outstanding performance of the company resulted from Toyota’s right mix of products for all the markets served by the company. The company’s segmentation, targeting and positioning is well focused in several countries worldwide (McCraw, 1997). The second strength of Toyota Company is its popularity as an Industry leader in manufacturing and production. In 2003, Toyota Company became the second largest carmaker in the world with a total of 6.78 million units. The company surpassed its top rivals like Ford which was in the third position. Toyota Company came second after the General Motors’ which had a total of 8.5 9 million units during that period. According to Bohm, (2009), several factors have contributed greatly to the company’s strong position in the industry. These include the range of the company’s product which has remained diversified; the company’s marketing which is well targeted and the continuous commitment of the company to remain lean in its manufacturing business and observation of quality. The company specialty is to make different vehicles of a wider range both for the private customers and other different commercial organizations. Its products include Yaris which consists of both the small and the large trucks. The company is also able to identify and meet different needs of customers through utilization of different marketing techniques. The brand of the company is considered to be a household brand. In addition, different manufacturing approaches which are efficient such as Total Quality Management (TQM) has enable the company to fully maximize its pr ofits. Toyota Company also has certain weaknesses which include; Just in time system, Even though the company’s JIT system is among Toyota’s competitive advantage it can also be classified as a weakness. The JIT depends largely on other systems and this requires all the suppliers to follow what company wants. In case a given supplier fails to meet the quality standards of the company, the whole production process will be interfered with. The company’

Hospitality and Tourism Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Hospitality and Tourism Industry - Essay Example (Smith, 2003, p. 17) The term 'sustainable tourism' usually denotes the application of the more general concept of sustainable development to tourism as a specific economic sector. The ethical responsibilities towards code of practice enable the industry to acquire a critical role in protecting the vital needs of not only mainstream population but also the minorities that exist without political backup and economic support. Whether it is political extravaganza targeting masses or be it minorities, the role of legislation and codes should be based on the recognition of human rights and custom values. Hall & Richards (2000) while providing example of sustainable environment highlights the hospitality sector in which there are particular procedures of the installation of state-of-the-art energy-saving technology and waste-management which are followed by most of the hotels. In this context it is better for a hotel to survive thereby adopting 'sustainability'. For example a hotel can almost immediately have an impact on costs and may increase revenue if the organisation advertises its 'green credentials' and so attracts more eco-conscious clients. (Hall & Richards, 2000, p. 64) However, this may well lead to an increase in the level of aggregate demand and consequently an overall rise in total energy use and waste generation. Furthermore, the larger number of visitors puts unintended and increased pressure on the local infrastructure, services and environment, the effect of which is uncertain, especially with regard to the additional financial burden which is likely to fall not onl y on the public sector but the private (business) and personal sectors (perhaps receiving no direct benefit from tourism), because of the increased costs of mitigating the adverse effects of tourism, particularly dealing with waste. Besides characteristics, what matters within the context of tourism, are the characteristics of the natural, cultural and built environments of destinations that attract tourists towards them. All environments are different and have their own unique features, and what makes a particular type of environment attractive for tourism is a function of value judgements and fashions that exist in society. (Holden, 2003, p. 24) Code of Practice from Managerial Aspect The major constraints in today's tourism industry are those approaches, which are adopted by the managers, thereby influencing the hospitality of the product and labour markets, organisational status and structure, including size of workplace, and culture are chief among the factors thought to place constraints on managers. Managers, as much as workers and

Technology and economic growth in the pre-civil war period Essay

Technology and economic growth in the pre-civil war period - Essay Example New irrigation techniques also provided more arable land. An additional technological change that had a big impact was the rise of railroads (Boyer, et al, 240). Rail coverage expanded nearly ten times over a twenty year period. Americans of all classes were able to travel freely and comfortably. Perhaps more than anything this helped to open up the West during this period. Culture was rapidly increasing during this period too, as American writers looked inward to their soul and outward to their growing country. Writers like Dickinson, Thoreau and Emerson published works that began the process of defining what it meant to be American. A definition that would be sorely tested during the Civil War. The twenty year period before the American Civil War was a period of great development and change. Agriculture improved and railways became more prominent. American artists and writers won new respect. It is deeply unfortunate much of this growth was lost in the slaughter of the Civil

The causes of crime are ultimately matters of individual Essay

The causes of crime are ultimately matters of individual responsibility and choice. Critically discuss - Essay Example Many of the different approaches to dealing with crime are developed within those frameworks from the various assumptions and values which hold sway within that particular nation. It is more likely that, for countries or systems that believe a criminal is a product of his or her environment, money will be spent on rehabilitation and treatment with much less emphasis on custodial sentences. For those who believe people are responsible for their actions and intend to commit crimes (indeed intention, or mens rea, is required in all systems in order to convict someone of crime), the emphasis is likely to be on punishment, generally not specifically intended to address rehabilitation, such as custody. Clearly these concepts require a great deal of unpacking which will be done in the course of this essay. The key thing is to examine the various explanations as to why people commit crimes, be they biological psychological or sociological, and what sorts of criminal systems such approaches g enerate. It is quite imperative to begin this analysis by acknowledging the variety of definitions of crime as used by various criminal justice systems all over the world. The variety of such definitions has been brought about by the modern society whereby some people differ on what is good and what is wrong. In relation to this, some crimes are said to be acceptable in some circumstances by some groups while others, non-criminal, actions are believed unacceptable. What then ringers in our minds is who has the power to define the term crime? However, the term has had a number of definitions. To start with, a crime is said to be an act prescribed by law and is subject to punishment. It can not only be an act, but also an omission which is failure to act where law enforces a duty to act. It is worth noting that in the recent times, crimes are not only being restricted to acts and omissions that can violate that rights of other people, but also those which can either harm the

Why does this author deserve his place in literary history Essay

Why does this author deserve his place in literary history - Essay Example his skills in writing as his way of speaking up and expressing his thoughts about the Black American’s family life, the social violence within the society, bias treatment of the white Americans over the African Americans when it comes to educational support, some political issues, and their desire to have equal freedom with the white Americans. In the process of writing, his novels and poets made him able to contribute a significant impact over the lives of many people including the history of the African American collection of cultural literatures. Today, the works of Hughes is widely used in the study of ethnic and cultural diversity. To some extent, Hughes writings enable the readers to understand the cultural discontinuity as well as the social and psychological damaging effects of being a subject of slavery in the past. (Comer, 1989: 213) As a way of proving Hughes’ worth on the history of literature, it is necessary to discuss and examine Hughes’ specific contribution to the African American society. To do so, I will Langston Hughes has written many books and short stories about the lives of the African Americans. Back in 1934, he wrote ‘The Ways of White Folks’ that describes some of the most tragic interactions that have occurred between the white Americans and the Afro-Americans in a humorous way. (Rampersad, 2001: 207; Rampersad, 1986: 277) The story also highlighted a general pessimism regarding racial issues and satirical realism. (Rampersad, 2001: 207) He also wrote a theatrical play entitled ‘Way Down South’ wherein he focused on racial discrimination issues that have been present on the lives of the African Americans for many years. (Rampersad, 1986: 366 – 369) With regards to political issues, Hughes focuses his writings on awakening the promise of Communism within the American society. In line with this matter, he wrote a poem entitled ‘A New Song’ in order to remind the Americans about the importance of a fair treatment

Top Dollar Enterprises Essay Example for Free

Top Dollar Enterprises Essay Business Development through the Next Decade of Gaming Transition Cycles I skate to where the puck is going to be, not to where it has been. Wayne Gretzky (www.timelessquotes.com 4/10/06) This quote identifies the most critical strategic consideration for Top Dollar Enterprises’ expansion into the eCommerce marketplace. By producing the most comprehensive on-line presence in the business, an eCommerce solution will propel this company profitably through the next transition of the gaming industry and beyond. While the plan for design, development, implementation and marketing of a high-end web site might seem difficult or even unrealistic at the outset; proper planning, project management and a graduated implementation scale will produce a result which will meet the ongoing goals and objectives of this organization. Unrelenting support from all company assets will secure the competitive edge Top Dollar Enterprises will require to be a peer among industry leaders. There are several well established models we can compare in assessing the requirements of this project: On-line giant Amazon, discount outlets such as Target and WalMart as well as specialty sites including GameSpot. Niche competitors like GameSpot have some (but not all) of the features in common that we will discuss. Popular examples include: Forums, where users discuss games, play, design and other subjects of interest; Blogs, (an internet exclusive term) where industry professionals discuss current topics between themselves and the users; Cheats, special codes or tokens imbedded in the game program which give the avatar, etc. added abilities, advance the play beyond the current level or may allow the user access to formerly unknown and unadvertised levels of play; Links, to other areas and websites of interest, in addition to the various gaming consoles and software.   These extra features are not found at Amazon, WalMart or Target Stores on-line. The proposal set before you is unique in its scope. Five major objectives are outlined. Advanced Products Pro Active Liability Minimization Security Scalability Broader Functionality Advanced Products In the effort to keep up with the vast array of changes in the technology sector we must be ready to deliver the product that our customers will need. These are predictions which take into account current trends in the Gaming Industry from one of the leading sources: Overall hardware unit sales are predicted to grow 30% from 2006 to 2011. Most of that growth will be in handheld hardware, which has been tipped to grow 45% over the next cycle. Software growth is predicted to go from $7.0 billion in 2005 to $10.0 billion in 2008. The analysts say that the sector as a whole should outperform broader market indices. The introduction of PS3 and Revolution in the U.S. is pegged to be late 2006 with Sony introducing the rumored HD equipped PSP (presumably to tap into the iPod market)  in mid-2006.   (Piper Jaffray; http://www.next-gen.biz 09/30/05) The next consumer product in software for gaming consoles will be downloads. Advancements in technology, micro memory storage and hard drive units, as well as the widespread use of broadband by consumers have overcome the obstacles to â€Å"on demand† software publishing. Existing sites selling cartridges or disks cannot easily expand to include this class of functionality. In addition to downloading the programs, there will be a need for either an eBook or separate document download with instructions for each program. As is usual with this sort of product, there will also be a need for broader Technical Support services. Pro Active Liability Minimization There are two problems facing the Video Game industry that should be examined here: The first is unauthorized copy and distribution of proprietary software. Copy Right infringement is a serious problem for all media concerns worldwide. Top Dollar Enterprises should be informed and ready to implement any new technology that becomes available. In the interim, Registration Keys are common software theft deterrent devices. Use of a Registration Key is not foolproof, but is used industry wide and should be adequate for this purpose. A â€Å"timed† Registration Key is also available for subscription based services in addition to the other products we are able to make available to the consumer. The second problem relates to the availability of mature and adult rated content to underage users. Several states and private litigants have, thus far, unsuccessfully tried to hold the game makers liable in these cases, but a new proposal has been put before the United States Senate: Family Entertainment and Protection Act (FEPA) Under the terms of FEPA, the federal government would enforce penalties of up to $5,000 against retailers convicted of selling Mature or Adults Only-rated games to minors; it also calls for the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to investigate the Entertainment Software Ratings Board (ESRB) to find out whether they’ve been properly rating games. What’s alarming about this, in the eyes of video game activists and the Entertainment Software Association (ESA) itself, is that this isn’t a state bill. This is a federal bill that’s being considered in the United States Senate. If it’s passed, it would impose regulations across all 50 states. (Peter Cohen; Macworld Game Room Weblog; http://www.macworld.com; March 15, 2006) We can and must address this issue from the outset! The model proposed is one used successfully by both on-line casinos and adult pay sites. Adult pay sites require a validated credit card number, 3 digit code, expiration date and email address before they will send a password to access the site. Casinos use a similar, but more advanced system which is recommended here. In partnership with on-line banking establishments such as NeTeller and FirePay, the user sets up an online account which can be used at hundreds of merchant sites all over the world. A unique feature of on-line banking security measures is a timed verification questionnaire which is practically impossible to answer correctly unless you are the account holder. In addition, a verbal verification with the account holder is conducted by phone (phone number and records matched), thus virtually eliminating the issues associated with stolen Credit Cards as well as under age use. This function will also allow concerned parents to set up a sub-account with funds and ratings limits, giving younger users a safe and appropriate gaming experience without direct parental supervision. Using these functions, the site can be designed from the outset with a â€Å"teen and under† section as well as password protected sectors for both â€Å"mature† and â€Å"adult† users. Security In addition to the models listed in the earlier segment there are additional security measures available such as Authenticity Certificates, SSL (Secure Socket Layer) technology and 128 bit encryption. These once obscure protocols have enjoyed such success that eCommerce has been â€Å"branded† as a â€Å"safe† way to do business. Absolutely the best platforms and solutions will be used to insure a secure customer and product database as well as appropriate infrastructure and firewall protection. Scalability   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The ability to implement this plan in stages as well as flexibility in an ever changing technology sector make the scalability of this venture crucial to it’s success. More detail will be discussed under the Implementation heading of this report. Broader Functionality In summation, this web site would be better described as a â€Å"mega† site! Purchases of both cassette or disk software and downloads will be available with a click of the mouse. A separate download section for mobile devices can exponentially increase the available products to be purchased. The latest news, features and commentary will be available in the â€Å"Blog† section; users with questions or comments will be able to freely participate in the moderated Forum; an easy to use â€Å"Cheats† and â€Å"Codes† database will allow users to experience their game to it’s fullest value and a subscription service will be available for those who do not wish to purchase a permanent copy of the game. Other sections of the website will be devoted to â€Å"free trials† of available software; interactive story lines; promotions and other marketing collateral. There are currently no eCommerce Gaming or Video distribution sites using the available solutions to eliminate underage users’ access to mature and adult content.   This function alone would make Top Dollar Enterprises the preferred supplier of games and content among concerned parents, educators and special interest groups. As the industry changes, the product will too. Instead of having to rebuild or redesign to accommodate the market, Top Dollar Enterprises will simply apply the latest technology and user products to it’s existing portal, preserving time, money and most importantly: Market Share. Design   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Top Dollar Enterprises’ game design and marketing teams should be used extensively for this project. The website must incorporate a design which makes using most aspects of the site feel like playing their favorite game. Use of story boards will facilitate the communication process between designers and developers. Development There are several outstanding web development companies available. The consultation, proposal and bid process should be undertaken immediately. Globalization Expansion of the existing market and distribution network and facilities is highly recommended. Two examples which express the need as well as the challenges of expansion follow. Video game maker EA announced the opening of a game localization center in Singapore for serving the Asian market. This was not a huge surprise as the company announced in its 2005 annual report: We believe that in order to increase our sales in Asia, we will need to devote significant resources to hire local development talent and expand our infrastructure, most notably, the expansion and creation of studio facilities to develop content locally for each market. In addition, we may establish online game marketing, publishing and distribution functions in China. EA generated 47% of revenues from outside the US and I expect well see that number surpass 50% by 2007, depending on the success of this center. Game localization is not as simple as localizing a Web site. Many of the violent products that sell well in the US wont make it past the censors in Asian and European markets. Which means the product itself must be changed. (http://goingglobal.corante.com/archives/; Video Game Globalization; John Yunker; 12/06/05) For Microsofts video game Halo 2 to become a global success story, the game needed to be localized for the world. Easier said than done. JBL Localization issued a press release announcing their role in creating a Latin American Spanish version of Halo 2. The release sheds light on just how complex video game localization can be. Heres an excerpt: According to JBI Localization President Eliane Barth, the Halo 2 project involved more than 80,000 words of script, including a promotional trailer, and the recording of more than 30 actors reading the lines of the various characters. In one instance, Barth said, a last minute script change required that 14 actors be rounded up for a next-day recording session. The actors arrived at the studio on schedule and the work was completed that day. Altogether, JBI delivered more than 16,000 audio files, including processing. (JohnYunker; Video Game Globalization; http://goingglobal.corante.com/archives/; 12/06/05)   Consultation with a field expert commensurate with the first phase of eCommerce development should be a priority. The time allotted for development and implementation of the website should be used to â€Å"ramp up† production of localized deliverables, warehousing and shipping to ensure fast, efficient service once the site is launched. Implementation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Initial implementation should be undertaken by the same company which designs and develops the site. Once the site has been launched, another independent service provider would likely be better suited to take over day-to-day operations. Some â€Å"crossover† activities such as technical support will be needed during this phase. It is recommended that operations be outsourced for a period of at least one year, giving Top Dollar Enterprises time to plan, execute and staff a corporate division to support all aspects of eCommerce operations. Technical expertise, hardware and hosting are aspects of this enterprise which should also be outsourced. Eventually, Top Dollar Enterprises may find it cost effective to physically manage and house the technical aspects of the operation; however, taking into consideration hardware obsolescence and product improvements in this area of technology, permanent outsourcing is recommended. Many implementation issues will arise as all of the separate aspects of the project come together. Marketing Marketing opportunities abound. Traditional strategies will be implemented in all available media as a complement to the ongoing strategy. In the interest of brevity, we will examine non-traditional and industry specific marketing opportunities. In Game Advertising and Partnerships One of the newer and more controversial revenue streams is from in game advertising. The following is an excerpt from a trade journal publication: †¦ Top video game maker Electronic Arts announced that the online version of its mega-hit The Sims will allow players to open McDonalds franchises and sell burgers to earn points in the game. The Sims Online, which is set to debut on the World Wide Web later this year, will also prominently feature Intel products. Both deals are reportedly worth millions of dollars. Real life product brands have been featured in video games increasingly since Pole Position, but this is being hailed as the first time a company has paid to have its products placed in a game. Its also being hailed as the latest step the video game market has made towards the lucrative product-placement schemes that are common in the Hollywood film industry. For McDonalds and Intel, they couldnt have chosen a better time to make the leap into the digital world. The Sims computer game – where players control every aspect in the daily life of their character, from careers to relationships to taking a leak – was the best-selling of all time, and the online version is one of the most anticipated in history. Its also one of the few video games to ever appeal to women in large numbers – Electronic Arts says as many as half its players are women, an unprecedented figure. (Tom Babin; Meet the McSim family; http://www.ffwdweekly.com/Issues/2002/1003/; TECHNOLOGY) Other non-typical avenues for advertising are movies, music and PDA/mobile devices. PDA and Mobile devices are the next generation of interactive hardware, which also makes them the next generation platform for advertising. Partnerships with mobile telephone and PDA application developers could allow us to place â€Å"demo† games on their devices. Similar games could be downloaded from our site for a fee. Music from our top selling games can be downloaded as â€Å"ringtones† and the list is only limited by our imaginations. Marketing of proprietary images, music and game clips can be promoted from a â€Å"Happy Meal† box, an answering machine, a television commercial, a soda can, a â€Å"Slurpee† cup, ad nausium. The sky and the budget are our limits! In summation: Top Dollar Enterprises must make a crucial decision about the direction of the company for the next decade. If we wish to remain a mid-sized company vying for a piece of market share revenue, we can simply continue on our present course. However, if this company has the vision and the backing to not only take the next step, but take the next leap, Top Dollar Enterprises can become a viable competitor at the top levels if the industry.

The Principles Of Derridas Deconstruction

The Principles Of Derridas Deconstruction Derridas deconstruction begins identifying a disjuncture in discursive use of language. When the principle of absolute identity or fixity is sustained as a ground for any form of philosophical inquiry, made possible by the use of language, a particular discourse can present itself as necessary truths, not merely as contingent. This is done to showcase an independent, pure reality, of the presence of things, beings, the subjects of a particular discourse. . However, once a possibility of contamination and unfixity in any one element within a discourse is recognized and accepted, a paradox (aporia) will be exposed and remain within the understanding of a discursive object.- in an example of Deconstruction I will refer to the deconstruction of the speech-writing dichotomy. For Derrida, no discourse can convincingly claim the fixity of identity or consistency once we accept the fact that we are working with language and linguistic signs which functions on a linguistic system constructed differentially out of its relationship with other signs. By marking the gap and the limits of a particular limit through a deconstructive gesture such as a close reading of a text, Derrida aims to destabilize and the scope of a text and inscribe the limit of the a metaphysical mode of thinking metaphysics of presence in philosophical traditions a logocentrism within philosophy. For Derrida, philosophy has created a system of concepts centred on implicit privileging of presence, similar to what Heidegger claims of the primacy of onto-theology in philosophy. Philosophy and the theology of Being inscribed within it, grounds its enterprise on an absolute, a centre, an essence. This provides philosophical discourse an unconditional first cause God, Soul, Atman, Consciousness ,Transcendental Ego. Philosophy in the tradition of Plato right up to Heidegger, affirms this exteriority outside through a false conception of language in which a linguistic sign transparently mediates the transcendental / external world and the self.  [1]  Because of this, Derrida claims that language becomes a proxy of a philosophal discourses metaphysics of presence by affirming and signifying this essence as the external ground for itself.. (I) Differance , trace, and the play of linguistic signifiers To counter the pervasiveness of the metaphysics of presence in Western Philosophy Derrida uses the neologism Differance a playful combination of differ and to defer, to demonstrate that the meaning of a linguistic sign is the simultaneous operation of distinction and temporality. This demonstration is to show that any meaning constructed in language is not fixed but disseminated and cannot be located within a specific core or essence. Differance, also, however paradoxically, provides the conditions of the possibility of meaning of a linguistic sign possible. Differance can also be transposed, through the concept of trace. In Of Grammatology, Derrida critiques Husserls trancendental-phenomenological presupposition of a pure presence of the moment a moment which is pure and complete, independent from all other moments that appears itself in consciousness. In the idea of trace, Derrida shows that consciousness always contain things that are retained from previous moments, therefore a moment cannot consist of other moments separate or independent of itself.  [2]  Trace therefore exposes the absence of a independent, full presence that consciousness can conceive of its meaning.  [3]  As meaning is differential and also a process of referral from term to term, each linguistic signifier has its meaning only through its difference from other signifiers. Meaning is constituted by a network of traces are mutually implicated in one another. It is in this sense Derrida rejects the Sassaurean conception of language constituted of linguistic signs that corresponds to the relationship between the signifier and signified. For Derrida, language is a matter of play between identity and difference within an infinite chain of signifiers. Differance therefore precludes the stability of any linguistic referents as a result there is no external referent to language that language itself can approach for verification. Philosophy, with its medium of language, does not then, Derrida claims, represent a stable Being, presence or reality, more accurately than literature and other forms of linguistic expression. This presents the philosopher with the inescapability of prejudices, intentions and presuppositions presenting multiple ways to describe or proscribe. which cannot be subjected to an objective referent truth, or essence for the linguistic (thus, metaphysical) accuracy of any philosophical expression. Therefore, for Derrida, all attempts to refer to reality are already structured in advance by the workings of our language even ones self is constituted by the language and language-constituting discourses that preexists the self. (ii) Derridas deconstruction of speech over writing Derridas deconstructive project questions the primacy of a transparent language and a rationality that corresponds and addresses philosophical truths by denying the assumption that language conforms to a rational order (that can be apprehended by the cogito) of some external reality apart from human interpretation of various phenomena. For Saussure any linguistic expression is constituted by binary-oppositions for its meaning. Speech and writing the binary forms of language has been, in the history of Western philosophy has been marked by the hierarchy that priviledges speech over writing because speech, is always marked by the presence of the speaker. The speaker, signifying immediacy has been elevated and identified with the presence of Truth. This relation of immediacy and presence of Truth establishes the superiority of speech over writing, in which Truth is obscured in the absence of a speaker.  [4]  Derrida notices that speech/presence and writing/absence form binary opposites in which truth-seeking discourse maintains itself my suppressing writing over speech. This privileging of speech, or a metaphysics of presence accords speech a higher, more primary value as bearing truth-immediacy. In Derridas Of Grammatology, language, the mark of the social that demarcates sociality from mere constituents of nature, Rousseau, claims, language in the form of writing that destroys presence actually reveals languages inability to render absolute presence.  [5]  As Derrida understands Rousseau, writing becomes the auxillary of speech, a supplement that usurps the place of speech by forgetting its mere vicarious role (correspondence to a referent) by making itself pass for the plenitude of speech whose deficiency and infirmity it nevertheless only supplements.  [6]  Rousseau, in trying to disestablish the mediative role language plays between presence and absence, however, for Derrida, is an inescapable fact. The silent play of difference serves as the conditions of both signs and phonemes in a linguistic system, without it, language would be impossible, Derrida claims.  [7]  Writing differs from speech in that it neither presupposes the presence of Being, or of its tr ansparency towards Being. Writing becomes a interpretative exercise enmeshed in a play of interpretations that takes primacy over speech. Since the differentiation of a linguistic sign preceded speech, Derrida gives writing a certain primacy over speech. In the non-transparence of presence in language, every representation is a continual play between absence and presence and any representation does not exceed the phenomena it is purported to signify. As such, Derrida concludes that it is merely impossible to take language, as the venue and means of philosophy, in the hopes of making transparent the relationship between the linguistic signified and signifier.  [8]  Derrida takes this claim a step further to challenge the idea that linguistic signifiers can convey a picture of an extratextual reality thus shrugging of philosophys metaphysical claims that implicitly point towards an extratextual, transcendent truth.. There is nothing outside the text that linguistic signifiers point towards hence there is nothing outside the text- language constructs our world, and that there is nothing outside the text. This slogan can be read also in another way, that the locus of purview of the texts can be cast to include all manner of human actions and interventions, thus disrupting the supposed dichotomy between text and non-text. Therefore, every human action and intervention action, every social relation and differential power relation , every ethico-politcal action belongs to text. However, before embracing the inclusivism of text, one needs to consider even if the pereceived world signified by language exhibit the structure of text, the relations between objects in the world might not necessarily possess the relations of the linguistic type. (iii) What Deconstruction is not/ the limits of deconstruction Deconstruction, in pointing out that every binary opposition is already in deconstruction, cannot then point towards any binary pair that can be seen according to an absolute difference in the system of linguistic signs. A binary on which includes an implicit hierarchical relationship between respective binary-terms (p,41),  [9]  is not governed by a neutral difference inscribed in linguistic rules, but always of a violent, imposed, hierarchy.  [10]   As has been shown, deconstruction is not a general method of reading texts, or interpretation can can be implemented from outside a given text. One can, only possibly think then, perhaps, that deconstruction is somehow a modal predicate, a certain process of causation whereby deconstruction is the cause of the disruption of a binary opposition in linguistic signification. However, Deconstruction helps us illuminate the unfixity of inside/outside relations of any metaphysical limits. Perhaps, it makes sense to say that limits are already in deconstruction. This corresponds, as Derrida had said earlier, that Deconstruction takes place as an event that does not await the deliberation, consciousness, or organization of a subject, or even of modernity. It deconstructs it-self. It can be deconstructed [Ça se dà ©construit]  [11]   Perhaps, then, nothing can exist outside its contexts no existence outside it. Yet, a context itself consists of the possbility of non-closure: a context itself contains an internal logic of closure in which dictates what bounds, frames, encloses and determines any context. This trope necessarily exceeds context. Can a condition and limits of a context ever be determinable? Deconstruction acknowledges boundaries and limits, only to show the subversive ways in which they are called into question what is now taken to be marginal and supplementary now becomes central. What Deconstruction is not, then, a principled method, an ethical generality, an attitude of nonconformity. Deconstruction is not a critique in an epistemic sense, aiming to lead discourse closer to truth by aleatoric gestures, or performing a discursive operation. Again, this characterisation of deconstruction is not to affirm deconstruction of its ontological necessity by way of negative statements about it (a negative metaphysics). Deconstruction is not to question the traditional assumptions of philosophy from another more complete or accurate philosophical system an outside that can be conclusively identified, reducible to an essence. Deconstructive thinking occurs as the disruption and interruption that establishes the outside from the inside. Deconstruction to be distinguished from analysis: which presupposes reduction of entities to simple, essential elements would stand in need of deconstruction: deconstruction is not critique in the Kantian sense.  [12]  Deconstruction would affirm that any deconstructive gestures can also take a posture of metaphysical closure the double refusal of both remaining within the limits of (linguistic) tradition and of the possibility of transgressing that very limit.  [13]   This logic corresponds to the idea that Deconstruction halts every existential signifier by questioning the impossibility of positing every is, a refusal to affirm any presence of any thing that might be taken to affirm a things albeit obscure, essential quality. Deconstruction consists of deconstructing, is to put out of joint,  [14]  Derrida claims, the authority of existential quantifiers. By not actually positing existential qualifiers such as these it may thus illuminate and unsettle what has been taken as a given in logocentric discourse, an unchanging identity, fixatedness of concepts such as justice and politics, or truth itself. All affirmations of the type deconstruction is X is to miss the point that deconstruction is not reducible to any essential feature. (iv) Deconstruction and aporetic thinking As shown earlier, the binary of speech and writing can only be made understandable by a logical contradiction: an aporia. This aporetic moment can be shown only by seeing the speech and writing as opposites and takes the form of something that cannot be explained through standard syllogistic logic. What constitutes a deconstructive gesture therefore, begins with the encounter with an aporia. In this case such encounter can be deconstructive, but it does not, as binary logic does, rule out that deconstruction can be made also philosophical, political and ethical at the same time. Deconstruction becomes the impossible condition of possibility of opposition, such as the opposition of speech over writing in which Derrida, in showing that when writing comes before speech, inverting the traditional Platonic hierarchy of speech over writing, the liberates the concept of writing from the occlusion and oppression, in traditional linguistic systems, of how it can be read as the origin of speech. In accepting the dismantling of the binary distinction of speech over writing, one no longer uses the term writing in the sense of adhering to the conceptual limits that provides writing a certain meaning from within the linguistic structure of an opposition. A realization that a new concept of writing needs to be actualized, even if it is not specifically a concept in a traditional sense employed in a previous linguistic regime (that marks its limits and temporal boundaries )- an impossible condition but a condition of possibility of understanding. As Derrida states which is not really a concept at all inasmuch as the very concept of a concept depends on an idea of difference-as-presence, allowing one to say of something that it is. By means of this double, and precisely stratified, dislodged and dislodging, writing, we must also mark the interval between inversion, which brings low what was high, and the irruptive emergence of a new concept, a concept that can no longer be, and never could be, included in the previous regime .  [15]   (v) Ethical-political responsibilities of Deconstruction Derrida, in deconstruction, therefore does not reduce texts to absurdities he seeks to expose the irreducible undecidable internal tensions and aporias that can negate all certainty imposed in the quest of epistemic certitude that affirms an apprehending subject. Deconstruction opposes syllogistic logic and adopts both/and approaches, where we seek to uncover heterogeneities when there is settled synthesis. At heart of what we take to be the same, then, is already otherness and difference. Therefore, what is dominant the logic of the same, is deeply imperialistic as discursively violent since we cannot do justice to the Other, and the otherness that actually lies within the same as one cannot exhaustively establish metaphysical boundaries that separates the self and the other, internality from exteriority. Negating absoluteness and thereby positing ultimate limits to contain the purity, or essentiability of an object deconstruction questions our ability to render an absolute disti nction between logic and rhetoric, philosophy and literature, theory and practice, ethical and non-ethical actions. To side with one is an act of undecidability, without recourse to an ultimate precedent. This decision in undecidability, even constitutive of it a condition of possibility is one of many ethical aporias beings traverse. By not recognizing the internal limits immutable posited in order to secure a discourse ethics, politics and philosophy intertwine with each other, so too does subjectivity, the Other and community. Any ethical or political action thus includes the responsibility of facing up to an indeterminate other when the violence of institutional categorization (implicit in discourse) is exposed through deconstruction. Deconstruction can be seen as an openness towards an Other of discourse, disrupting any totalizing -centrisms to name a few: phonocentrism, ethnocentrism, or phallagocentrism. In fact,this amorphous responsibility to an indeterminate Other, is the ultimate ethical act when compared to dominant ethical paradigms that the right action can be merely read off a suitable ethical theory or a categorical duty legislated to oneself; as these pregiven injunctions on how to act relinquishes a certain part of moral responsibility constitutive of agency. As Derrida mentions: a decision that comes into being only in a scheme that exceeds the calculable program that would destroy all responsibility [there] can be no moral or political responsibility without this trial and passage by way of the undecidable  [16]   In the ethical implications of the play of presence and absence, there lies the question of how do we attend to our normal ethical responsiblities while not attending to the different, innumerable, Other who, perhaps, have no formal claim to ethical attention and assistance because they are not representable within discursive/linguistic means provides an irreducible aporia if we were to take an ontology of difference seriously. As expressed earlier, deconstruction acknowledges boundaries and limits, but only to show the subversive ways in which they are called into question what is now taken to be peripheral and supplementary now becomes central, giving recognition to what was previously suppressed, or that cannot be represented in any discursive or ethical order. (vi) Deconstruction and Hermeneutics By situating Derrida in dialogue with Gadamers hermeneutics, I believe that we can illuminate how hermeneutics can serve as a propaedeutic to deconstruction. The pervasiveness, then, of differance, provides the impetus of deconstruction to address a pathology: the relentless desire of the cogito or traditions in thinking that desires coherence, unity and harmony. Derrida himself, have been a critic of the metaphysics of presence, but paradoxically, he is as insistent that it is, for us, impossible to abandon, or escape from metaphysics. Deconstruction uses the very metaphysics and linguistic resources it seeks to deconstruct., not stepping out of our historical horizons. In this case Deconstruction echoes the message that Hermeneuticists have been pondering that we are always already interpreting from our own historical traditions in which differance is serves as ontological understanding that within a specific linguistic game. An implicit claim is textual meaning always suppresses alternative meanings, an Other. In Derrida, a text has many different potential meanings not brought to fore while in Gadamer, textual meanings are inexhaustible.  [17]  In understanding, Derrida seeks to find the trace of the Other embedded in the instrinsic violence of dominant meanings. This is also an iterative process Deconstruction does not stop where it has identiified an oppressed Other, in identifying any conception of justice it will always suppress other meanings. Justice contains therefore, the trace of the Other suppressed, an injustice.  [18]   In Hermeneutics, interpretation begins from ones ungrounded horizon a hermeneutic situation in which we cannot escape our metaphysics embedded in our linguitic resources. Gadamer supplants Derridas skepticism of the violence of our pre-understanding and prejudices by telling us that prejudices not only opens us to the possibility of understanding the Other embedded in our discourses bringing to fore Deconstructions normative understanding. vii) Conclusion Deconstruction, as we have seen, is not a principled method of textual analysis that disempowers discourses to mere ungrounded and unstable network of signifiers, ad infinitum. Deconstructive moments serves first to identify the binary opposites that undergird all metaphysical discourse implict in language and dismantle it; second, mark the anxiety that comes with the instability of linguistic references, and third, reveal the limits of a discouse that presupposes a certain metaphysics. In Deconstruction, one brings about the possibility of an ethical responsibility constitutive of agency in the form of identfying the Other, and the Other within oneself.

Achieving Dreams :: essays research papers

â€Å"If you can imagine it, you can achieve it. If you can dream it, you can become it†. As the saying goes by William A. Ward. I am sure that you have understood the topic, the topic is, DREAMS. Dreams are nothing but the thoughts and ideas of ones mind. They predict the character of the person. If ones thoughts are good they he/she will see good dreams and if someone’s thoughts are bad they he/she will se bad dreams. From the above line it is clear that dreams are good or bad, intentions of people. All of us dream, several times at night. It is believed by some that we sleep in order that we may dream. Dreams can come true if somebody makes them true, as the saying goes, â€Å"A dream is just a dream, unless you make it come true†. Dreams provide us the actual picture of our thoughts. Dreams may tell us about any physical event which took place with us or which is going to happen with us. The dream is trying to inform the dreamer about his condition in any walk of life. Basically, we can dream about anything logical or illogical, fictious or non-fictious and reasonable or unreasonable. Dreams can often give some people good ideas, which they could not imagine. It is said that Robert Louis Stevenson got his idea for Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde from a dream. But some people think that they are not able to apply these ideas in their life so there is a well-known saying about them which says that: â€Å"IF YOU CAN DREAM IT, YOU CAN DO IT†. Mean to say that whatever one watches in dream he/she should try to implement it in his/her personal life and if that idea is good one that one should also pass it to others and also ask them to implement it on their lives as well. In somebody’s darkest or boring hour, dream can give somebody hope, courage and determination to some creative work which somebody has not done before. All successful people are big dreamers. They imagine what their future could be ideal or bad. Generally, everybody in this world dreams, but everybody has not aggressiveness to work out on the ideas that they got in their dream. Achieving Dreams :: essays research papers â€Å"If you can imagine it, you can achieve it. If you can dream it, you can become it†. As the saying goes by William A. Ward. I am sure that you have understood the topic, the topic is, DREAMS. Dreams are nothing but the thoughts and ideas of ones mind. They predict the character of the person. If ones thoughts are good they he/she will see good dreams and if someone’s thoughts are bad they he/she will se bad dreams. From the above line it is clear that dreams are good or bad, intentions of people. All of us dream, several times at night. It is believed by some that we sleep in order that we may dream. Dreams can come true if somebody makes them true, as the saying goes, â€Å"A dream is just a dream, unless you make it come true†. Dreams provide us the actual picture of our thoughts. Dreams may tell us about any physical event which took place with us or which is going to happen with us. The dream is trying to inform the dreamer about his condition in any walk of life. Basically, we can dream about anything logical or illogical, fictious or non-fictious and reasonable or unreasonable. Dreams can often give some people good ideas, which they could not imagine. It is said that Robert Louis Stevenson got his idea for Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde from a dream. But some people think that they are not able to apply these ideas in their life so there is a well-known saying about them which says that: â€Å"IF YOU CAN DREAM IT, YOU CAN DO IT†. Mean to say that whatever one watches in dream he/she should try to implement it in his/her personal life and if that idea is good one that one should also pass it to others and also ask them to implement it on their lives as well. In somebody’s darkest or boring hour, dream can give somebody hope, courage and determination to some creative work which somebody has not done before. All successful people are big dreamers. They imagine what their future could be ideal or bad. Generally, everybody in this world dreams, but everybody has not aggressiveness to work out on the ideas that they got in their dream.

Appearance vs Reality Essay -- essays papers

Appearance vs Reality One normally disguises in order to be someone else, whether this be in a costume during Halloween, or as a character in a play or movie. Shakespeare uses the idea of disguise in his ‘Taming of the Shrew’ The minor theme of the play is appearance vs reality. Throughout the drama, things are never really as they seem. Katherine appears to be a real shrew, but it is all a cover-up for the hurt she feels. Bianca appears to be a self-sacrificing angel, but she is really a spoiled young lady who can quickly revert to shrewish behavior. Baptista appears to the outside world as a wonderful father; in truth, he pampers Bianca, totally spoiling her, and treats Katherine badly, depriving her of the loving attention she needs and seeks. Pe...

Adolescent Alcohol Abuse Essay -- essays research papers

Adolescent Alcohol Abuse: What Factors are Present?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Over the years, many researchers have dedicated their time and energy to study adolescent alcohol abuse. They have found that there are many factors that contribute to adolescent alcohol abuse. These factors are psychological, environmental, social, and cultural. Not all of these factors play a part in every adolescent who abuses alcohol, but one of these factors is usually present. Psychological disorders have been found in both American, and Taiwan adolescents who abuse alcohol. The health risks of adolescent alcohol abuse are great. Alcohol affects the physiology of a young person. It disrupts the genetics and hormonal balances that are critical in the early development of youngsters. Treatment of alcohol abuse is a great state of change and development. Many therapists, doctors and counselors are trying to incorporate new treatment ideas and methods into the traditional techniques that have been used for years now.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is important to research the factors that contribute to adolescent alcohol abuse because if these factors are detected early, and an adolescent is put into a prevention program the likelihood that they will abuse alcohol will greatly decrease. Psychological Factors   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  According to the research, there have been many psychological problems found in adolescents who abuse alcohol. The majority of the research has been done in order to solve the question of whether or not these psychological factors are present before an adolescent abuses alcohol, or after the alcohol abuse has occurred. In the research done by Rhode, Lewinsohn, and Seeley (1996), they used a community sample of 1,507 adolescents between the ages of fourteen and eighteen. The adolescents were classified into the categories of abstainers, experimenters, social drinkers, problem drinkers, and abuse and/or dependent groups.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this study, 373 subjects met the criteria for depression, 15 were bipolar, 93 suffered from manic core symptoms, and 124 had an anxiety disorder (Rhode et al., 1996). Furthermore, anxiety disorder and depression were psychological disorders that were more prevalent in female adolescents with alcohol abuse than their male counterparts. Males who abused alcohol tended to suffer from antiso... ...bsp;  Ã‚  Ã‚  adverse life events in adolescents with alcohol   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  abuse and dependence. Journal of the American Academy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36 (12), 1744-1751. Clark, D., & Bukstein, O. (1998). Psychopathology in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  adolescent alcohol abuse and dependence. Alcohol Health &   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Research World 22 (2), 117-121. Epstein, J., Botvin, G., & Diaz, T. (1999). Impact of social   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  influences and problem behavior on alcohol use among inner-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  city hispanic and black adolescents. Journal of Studies on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alcohol 60 (5), 595-604. Rhode, P., Lewinsohn, P., & Seeley, J.R. (1996). Psychiatric   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  comoribidity with problematic alcohol use in high school   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  students. Journal of the American Academy of Child &   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Adolescent Psychiatry 35 (1), 101-109. Adolescent Alcohol Abuse Juvenile Delinquency

Hazara History Essay

1. I’ve always been against the persecution of minorities 2. It has badly affected the image of the country throughout the world 3. More than 800 Hazaras have been killed only in Pakistan during the last decade Don’t confuse HAZARA with HAZARAWAAL HAZARA: the separate Persian speaking ethnic group mostly living in Afghanistan HAZARAWAL: The people living In HAZARA District, in KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA province of Pakistan. HINDKU is their mother tongue. Theories about their origin: The first theory suggests that they are the descendants of Mongolians and Turks; this theory is supported by some of the historians as their facial features and many parts of their language and cultures resemble to those of the Mongols and central Asian Turks. The second theory suggests that they are the descendants of KUSHANS, the ancient residents of Afghanistan, who entered the northeast Afghanistan in the 2nd century. Another one tells that HAZARA are the heirs of Genghis Khan, who in the twelfth century invaded Afghanistan and destroyed almost the whole country. Some of his army was left which mixed with the locals of Afghanistan. Their population across the world * About 4 million HAZARAS living in Afghanistan, especially in the central mountainous region known as HAZARAJAT * Another 7 to 8 Lac population living in Pakistan, mostly in Quetta, Baluchistan province of Pakistan * Around 3 Lac HAZARAs travelled to Iran in the late 19th century. The History of their Persecution: According to the CIA world fact book, HAZARAS once were the largest ethnic group of Afghanistan, constituting 67% of the total population of the country. They lived in HAZATAJAT quite independently. When Amir Abdul Rehman took over of the country, he, in his mission of expanding the circles of his rule, subjugated the local HAZARAS, killing more than 60% of their population. Others were either enslaved or forced to flee Afghanistan. Here begins the history of their migration to Pakistan. 1. In Afghanistan * Reign of Amir Abdul Rahman (1880-1901) * Rise of Taliban (1993) 2. In Pakistan * Why are they persecuted? * Theories on the reasons why they spent a long time being persecuted * The role of secret and law enforcement agencies * My comments http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Afghanistan-to-Bosnia-Herzegovina/Hazaras.html#b http://dawn.com/2012/06/29/hope-fades-away-for-hazaras-of-pakistan/ http://tribune.com.pk/story/463711/quetta-violence-three-hazaras-gunned-down-in-separate-incidents/

An Essay on Drug Addiction Essay

KV62 is the tomb of Tutankhamun in the Valley of the Kings (Egypt), which became famous for the wealth of treasure it contained.[1] The tomb was discovered in 1922 by Howard Carter, underneath the remains of workmen’s huts built during the Ramesside Period; this explains why it was spared from the worst of the tomb depredations of that time. KV is an abbreviation for the Valley of the Kings, followed by a number to designate individual tombs in the Valley. The tomb was densely packed with items in great disarray. Carter was able to photograph garlands of flowers, which disintegrated when touched. Due to the state of the tomb, and to Carter’s meticulous recording technique, the tomb took eight years to empty, the contents all being transported to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Tutankhamun’s tomb had been entered at least twice, not long after he was buried and well before  Carter’s discovery. The outermost doors of the shrines enclosing the king’s nested coffins were left opened, and unsealed. It is estimated that 60% of the jewellery which had been stored in the â€Å"treasury† was removed as well. After one of these ancient robberies, embalming materials from KV62 are believed to have been buried at KV54. The pharaoh’s solid gold funerary mask was interred with him in KV62. In 1907, just before his discovery of the tomb of Horemheb, Theodore M. Davis’s team uncovered a small site containing funerary artifacts with Tutankhamen’s name. Assuming that this site, identified as KV54, was Tutankhamun’s complete tomb, Davis concluded the dig. The details of both findings are documented in Davis’s 1912 publication, The Tombs of Harmhabi and Touatà ¢nkhamanou; the book closes with the comment, â€Å"I fear that the Valley of the Kings is now exhausted.†[2] But Davis was to be proven spectacularly wrong. The British Egyptologist Howard Carter (employed by Lord Carnarvon) hired a crew to help him excavate at the site of KV62. Carter went back to a  line of huts that he had abandoned a few seasons earlier. When the first step was removed, they found a stone step. Carter’s foreman got Carter and told him about the step. Working carefully, they uncovered stairs. He sent a message to Carnarvon and in a week, Carnarvon came. He cleared the doorway and made his way down a passageway that had been cleared by robbers. It was then that Howard Carter made a hole in the door, struck a match, and after discovering that the air had oxygen inside, went in. The chamber that they found was bare, but Howard Carter was convinced that there must be a secret chamber. He searched the walls and found it; it was filled with all manner of treasures and statues. He had discovered Tutankhamun’s tomb (since designated KV62) in the Valley of the Kings on November 4, 1922, near the entrance to the tomb of Ramesses VI, thereby setting off a renewed interest in all things Egyptian in the modern world. Carter contacted his patron, and on November 26 that year, both men became the first people to enter Tutankhamun’s tomb in over 3000 years. After many weeks of careful excavation, on February 16, 1923, Carter opened the inner chamber and first saw the sarcophagus of Tutankhamun. All of this was conveyed to the public by H. V. Morton, the only journalist allowed on the scene. Investigation [edit] Howard Carter and associates opening the shrine doors in the burial chamber (1924 reconstruction of the 1923 event) The first step to the stairs was found on November 4, 1922.[3] The following day saw the exposure of a complete staircase. The end of November saw access to the antechamber and the discovery of the annex, and then the burial chamber and treasury. On November 29, the tomb was opened, and the first announcement and press conference followed the next day. The first item was removed from the tomb on December 27.[4] On February 16, 1923 the burial chamber was opened,[5] and on April 5 Lord Carnarvon died. On February 12, 1924, the granite lid of the sarcophagus was raised.[6] In April, Carter argued with the Antiquities Service, and left the excavation for the United States. In January 1925, Carter resumed activities in the tomb, and on October 13, he removed the cover of the first sarcophagus; on October 23, he removed the cover of the second sarcophagus; on October 28, the team removed the cover of the final sarcophagus and exposed the mummy; and on November 11, the  examination of the remains of Tutankhamun started. An alabaster jar found in the tomb, symbolizing the union ofLower and Upper Egypt. Work started in the treasury on October 24, 1926, and between October 30 and December 15, 1927, the annex was emptied and examined. On November 10, 1930, eight years after the discovery, the last objects were finally removed from the tomb of the long lost pharaoh. [7] Layout of tomb[edit] Plan of KV62. In design, the tomb appears to have originally been intended for a private individual, not for royalty.[8] There is some evidence to suggest that the tomb was adapted for a royal occupant during its excavation.[9] This may be supported by the fact that only the burial chamber walls were decorated, unlike royal tombs in which nearly all walls were painted with scenes from the Book of the Dead.[9] Isometric, plan and elevation images of KV62 taken from a 3d model Stereo drawing of tomb viewed from northwest. Staircase [edit] Starting from a small, level platform, 16 steps descend to the first doorway, which was sealed and plastered – although it had been penetrated by grave robbers at least twice in antiquity. Entrance corridor [edit] Beyond the first doorway, a descending corridor leads to the second sealed door, and into the room that Carter described as the Antechamber. This was used originally to hold material left over from the funeral and material associated with the embalming of the king. After the initial robberies, this material was either moved into the tomb proper, or to KV54. Antechamber [edit] The undecorated antechamber was found to be in a state of â€Å"organized chaos† and contained approximately 700 objects (articles 14 to 171 in the Carter catalogue) amongst which were three funeral beds, plates in shape of  hippopotamus (the Goddess Tawaret), of lion (or leopards) and cattle (the Goddess Hathor). Perhaps the most remarkable item in this room were the components, stacked, of four chariots of which one was probably used for hunting, one for â€Å"war† and another two for parades. Many of the 700 objects were made of gold. Burial chamber [edit] Cross-section of shrines and sarcophagi in KV62 Decoration [edit] This is the only decorated chamber in the tomb, with scenes from the Opening of the Mouth ritual (showing Ay, Tutankhamun’s successor acting as the king’s son, despite being older than he is) and Tutankhamun with the goddess Nut on the north wall, the first hour of Amduat (on the west wall), spell one of the Book of the Dead (on the east wall) and representations of the king with various deities (Anubis, Isis, Hathor and others now destroyed) on the south wall. The north wall shows Tutankhamen being followed by his Ka, being welcomed to the underworld by Osiris.[10] Some of the treasures in Tutankhamun’s tomb are noted for their apparent departure from traditional depictions of the boy king. Certain cartouches where a king’s name should appear have been altered, as if to reuse the property of a previous pharaoh—as often occurred. However, this instance may simply be the product of â€Å"updating† the artifacts to reflect the shift from Tutankhaten to Tutankhamun. Other differences are less easy to explain, such as the older, more angular facial features of the middle coffin and canopic coffinettes. The most widely accepted theory for these latter variations is that the items were originally intended for Smenkhkare, who may or may not be the mysterious KV55 mummy. This mummy, according to craniological examinations, bears a striking first-order (father-to-son, brother-to-brother) relationship to Tutankhamun. [11] Contents [edit] The outer golden shrine, now on display in the Cairo Museum Tutankhamun’s wooden chest The entire chamber was occupied by four gilded wooden shrines which surrounded the king’s sarcophagus. The outer shrine ([1] in the cross-section) measured 5.08 x 3.28 x 2.75 m and 32 mm thick, almost  entirely filling the room, with only 60 cm at either end and less than 30 cm on the sides. Outside of the shrines were 11 paddles for the â€Å"solar boat†, containers for scents, and lamps decorated with images of the GodHapi[disambiguation needed]. The fourth and last shrine ([4]) was 2.90 m long and 1.48 m wide. The wall decorations depict the king’s funeral procession, and Nut was painted on the ceiling, â€Å"embracing† the sarcophagus with her wings. This sarcophagus was constructed in granite ([a] in the cross-section). Each corner of the main body and lid were carved from stone of different colours. It appears to have been constructed for another owner, but then recarved for Tutankhamen; the identity of the original owner is not preserved.[10] In each corner a protective goddess (Isis, Nephthys, Serket and Neith) guards the body. Inside, the king’s body was placed within three mummiform coffins, the outer two made of gilded wood while the innermost was composed of 110.4 kg of pure gold.[12] The mummy itself was adorned with a gold mask, mummy bands and other funerary items. The funerary mask is made of gold, inlaid with lapis lazuli, carnelian, quartz, obsidian, turquoise and glass and faience, and weighs 11 kg.[13] Treasury [edit] The treasury was the burial chamber’s only side-room and was accessible by an unblocked doorway. It contained over 5,000 catalogued objects, most of them funerary and ritual in nature. The two largest objects found in this room were the king’s elaborate canopic chest and a large statue of Anubis. Other items included numerous shrines containing gilded statuettes of the king and deities, model boats and two more chariots. This room also held two mummies of fetuses that some considers to have been stillborn offspring of the king.[14] Annex [edit] The â€Å"annex†, originally used to store oils, ointments, scents, foods and wine, was the last room to be cleared, from the end of October 1927 to the spring of 1928. Although quite small in size, it contained approximately 280 groups of objects, totaling more than 2,000 individual pieces. Present day [edit] As of 2007, the tomb was open for visitors, at an additional charge above  that of the price of general access to the Valley of the Kings. The number of visitors was limited to 400 per day in 2008.[15] However, since 2010 the tomb has been closed to the public. Restoration work is being undertaken by the Getty Conservation Institute over a span of five years;[16] the future of the tomb’s availability to the public is unknown at this point. Tourists visiting[who?] in 2012 report that the tomb has indeed been reopened, but the additional fee to enter it remains.[citation needed] The tomb is expected to be definitively closed to public in 2013, but a reproduction will be placed nearby at the Valley of the Kings and will be available to the public.[17]

Mexican Drug War: Drug Trafficking and its Effects on Mexico

According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, and annual survey conducted by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services, estimated that were 19. 1 million people in the United States 12 years or older who were currently users of illicit drugs. There are about 14. 6 million marijuana users, 2. 0 million cocaine users, and about 166,000 heroin users in the United States. These statistics show that there is obviously a very high demand for illicit drugs in the United States despite its illegal status. The question that most people do not tend to ask is how is this demand being met?Who is supplying it and how? American users are supplied most of their drugs from Mexico, which is very conveniently directly south of the border of the United States. Mexico is a major supplier in heroin, marijuana, methamphetamine and cocaine. It is estimated that roughly 40 to 67 percent of all marijuana and about 95 percent of cocaine in the United States comes from Mexico. In order for all these drugs to be produced, organized, and transported to the United States there has been a creation of cartels and gangs in Mexico, which in turn has created what is referred to as the Mexican Drug War.Throughout the paper I will discuss the development of the organized drug game in Mexico, different drug cartels, government action and the effects that all of this has caused in Mexico. For a very long time, throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, the Colombians were the ones that controlled cocaine trafficking. Starting in 1975, Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria began developing his cocaine operation. Soon he became known as the king of cocaine and at his height of power he was fifteen tons of cocaine a day, worth more than half a billion dollars, in the United States.After enforcement increased in both South Florida and the Caribbean, the Colombian organized crime began to form partnerships with Mexico-based to transport cocaine through Mexico and into the United States. Mexican transpo rters were able to meet this need of reliable cocaine transporters because they already had infrastructure set up from their sourcing out of marijuana and heroin. Mexican transporters were given anywhere from 35 to 50 percent of each cocaine shipment. This allowed Mexican transporter to become involved in distribution as well, moving them  up to become full on traffickers.They soon became quite adept to trafficking globally, which allowed their organizations to flourish, most notably the Sinaloa Cartel and the Gulf cartel. Soon enough, Mexican traffickers took almost full control of trade, leaving Colombian organizations behind. The popular Mexican phrase, â€Å"Mas vale vivir cinco anos como rey, que 50 como buey,† which translates to â€Å"It’s better to live five years as a king than 50 years as an ox,† encapsulates the way many young marginalized people think in regards to drug trafficking in Mexico.Many believe that while they’re in poverty in marg inalized neighborhoods they would have more opportunities becoming a drug trafficker than their long-term outcome if they didn’t join. According to the short 8-minute video, The Roots of Mexico’s Drug Violence, drug cartels look to these marginalized or in poverty to recruit for this very reason. One of the major drug cartels in Mexico is the Sinaloa Cartel, based in the city of Culiacan, Sinaloa with operations in Baja California, Durango, Sonora, and Chihuahua.According to United States Intelligence, the Sinaloa Cartel is â€Å"the most powerful drug trafficking organization in the world. † The Sinaloa Cartel is estimated to smuggle several tons of cocaine shipments from Colombia through Mexico and into the United States. They also produce, smuggle, and distribute marijuana, methamphetamine, and heroin. The cartel is led by Joaquin â€Å"El Chapo† Guuzman and is estimated to have a net worth of about one billion dollars and is considered as the biggest drug lord of all time even surpassing Pablo Escobar.In 1993, Joaquin Guzman was sentenced to 20 years in prison in Mexico after being caught in Guatemala but was able to escape in 2001 by bribing prison guards. After escaping, Guzman had his eyes set on the city of Juarez, which was under the Juarez Cartel. Despite having an alliance with the Juarez Cartel, Guzman decided that he wanted to take out the leader, Rodolfo Carrillo Fuentes in order to gain control of routes around and throughout the city of Juarez. He succeeded in this by hiring Los Negros, assassins for the Sinaloa Cartel, whom killed both Rodolfo and his wife.By this, the area was no longer under the Fuentes family’s control. Unfortunately, this led to a countrywide drug war, which resulted in 5,000-12,000 deaths in drug related violence. At this point, Guzman had angered the other cartels since he had broken the nonaggression â€Å"pact† between all the major cartels, bringing upon the fighting between c artels for drug routes. By 2006, it was estimated that about 50,000 people lost their lives in drug related violence. Another prominent drug cartel in Mexico is Los Zetas, which partnered with the Gulf Cartel in Matamoros, Tamaulipas.In the late 1990s, The Gulf Cartel hired a group of 31 corrupt former elite military soldiers to work with them. It is believed that many of them had received training in commando and urban warfare from Israeli’s Special Forces and American Special forces units. With this training they learned skills such as ambushes, fast deployment, marksmanship, intimidation, and counter surveillance. Throughout the early 2000s, the Zetas were incredibly important in the Gulf Cartel’s domination of the drug trade. It is uncertain whether the Gulf Cartel or Los Zetas began the disagreement that eventually led to their end of partnership.What did solidify the Zetas’ ability to strike out on their own was being able to arrest and extradition the Gul f Cartel leader, Osiel Cardenas Guillen. It had become clear that the Zetas beat out the Gulf Cartel in revenue, membership, and influence. The Zetas began to work in other areas of organized crime on top of drug trafficking, including, extortion, kidnapping, homicide, and theft. By early 2010, it was made known to the public that the Zetas and the Gulf Cartel were no longer working together and instigated a bloody drug war amongst each other for the Northeast Mexican drug trade routes.Eventually, because of cartel alliance, the Sinaloa Cartel was forced to fight the Zetas in 2010 and 2011. One of the cartel’s most notorious acts was the 2010 San Fernando massacre. Most Spanish speakers in the United States had heard about this act since it was widely reported on by Spanish media. The Zetas had a mass murder of 72 undocumented immigrants in San Fernando, Tamaulipas. 58 men and 14 women, from South and Central America were shot in the back of the head and then piled on top of each other.There were only three survivors- one of which was shot in the neck and face, faked his death and then eventually made it out and tried to seek military help. Once they were informed, the Mexican Military confronted members of the drug cartel and found them inside of a ranch. According to the article, â€Å"Migrants Killed for Refusing to be Assassins, Teen Says,† the Zetas gunmen â€Å"intercepted the migrants as they moved towards the border, then took them blindfolded to the ranch where they were told to hand over cash. † The immigrants were unable to pay the amount demanded by the Zetas and also refused the deal to work with the Zetas.Once they refused to do either, the Zetas opened fired killing everyone but three lucky survivors. Inter cartel violence had always occurred before the Mexican drug war but the government had a very passive approach to dealing with it through most of the 1990s and 2000s. It wasn’t until December of 2006, as the new Pr esident Felipe Calderon undertook Operation Michoacan and sent about 6,500 military troops into the state. This was seen as the first huge undertake to fight organized crime in Mexico since the drug trade began and is regarded as the beginning of the â€Å"war† between the Mexican government and the powerful drug cartels.President Felipe Calderon is quoted saying that the cartels are seeking ‘to replace the government’ and ‘are trying to impose a monopoly by force of arms, and are even trying to impose their own laws’. The war against organized crime continued as another 45,000 troops were sent in the following months. According to the Secretary of National Defense, the Mexican military captured 11,544 people in 2011 who were thought to be involved with drug related crime. Despite Calderon’s intentions to decrease violence throughout Mexico, the opposite has seemed to happen. Violent warfare between rival cartel leaders has actually worsened.C alderon’s methods of confronting the drug cartels directly, has resulted in a lot of public killings and torture from the cartels and also government forces. Also, as a drug cartel leader is removed from power, there is more intense, violent competition for that leadership role. It is also believed that cartels have corrupted and subverted military at high levels. All of this has created more anxiety and fear within the Mexican population due to this increased violence and the possibility that their own lives may be in danger. Other areas such as journalism and media were also being threatened.At the beginning of the 21st century, Mexico was considered the most dangerous country in the world for journalism. Many journalists have been murdered and tortured for giving out information or reporting on certain things. So the question is, how can these issues be fixed? Many believe that the violence will not end entirely but instead seek for the country to regain normalcy and not b e entrenched in this idea of violence as something normal. Another idea is demand- the reason there is such a need for supply and transport of these drugs is due to the high demand in drugs.Research And Development also known as RAND Corporation, a nonprofit global policy think tank, found that using drug user treatment to reduce drug consumption in the United States could be up to seven times more cost effective than law enforcement. This could also potentially cute the drug demand by a third. I, myself as a Mexican have known people that have gotten kidnapped and never returned and it’s believed to be because of drug cartel violence. It is an urgent matter for those that live in marginalized or poverty for the fear and violence to be taken control of in Mexico.

Perfect Pizzeria: Case study Essay

Job satisfaction is a key driver to corporate success. It is clear that at Perfect Pizzeria employees are dissatisfied with their work environment. In order to overcome job dissatisfaction, one might influence employee motivation by applying the expectancy theory – the theory of motivation that suggests employees are more likely to be motivated when they perceive their efforts will result in successful performance and ultimately, desired rewards and outcomes (McShane and Travaglione 2007, p146). The effort-to-performance (E-to-P) expectancy is the belief that increased effort will lead to increased performance. In the present case, the company has no systemic criteria in hiring and formal training for mangers reduce the capability of performing the job successfully. Also, the indistinct role perception for night managers to perform regular employees’ duties and for assistant managers to learn bookkeeping and management reduce efficiency. In order to strengthen the individual’s belief that s/he is able to perform the task, the company should select the appropriate person with the required skills to do the job and to clearly communicate the tasks required for each position. Furthermore, managers should provide the necessary support to get the job done and to create workforce harmony. The performance-to-outcome (P-to-O) expectancy is the belief that performance at a certain level will result in the attainment of outcomes. The case suggested that employees are not reward based on their performance as they only earn the minimum wage. On the other hand, mangers are rewarded based on the percentage of food unsold or damaged, which is not highly correlated to performance. In order to increase the belief that good performance will result in valued outcome, the company should transparent the process that determines employee’s reward and explain the outcome that will result from the desired performance. Most importantly there should be an accurate measure of job performance in place. The outcome valence (V) is the importance that the individual places upon the expected outcome. Employees may mainly motivated by money and equality, which is deprived at the present situation. In order to ensure rewards are valued by employees, the company should distribute bonus for desired  performance and promote fairness within the company. The MARS model of individual behaviour highlights four factors that influence employees’ behaviour and explain the current resulting performance (McShane and Travaglione 2007, p36). The inequality of reward to performance discourage efforts (motivation), the mismatch of individual competencies with job requirement undermine employees’ performance (ability), the replicate of duties between night managers and regular employees and assistant managers dimmed their assigned tasks (role perceptions), and the retaliatory measures between managers and employees restrains employees to achieve their performance potential. To overcome the motivation problem, the company should promote equality in the distribution of rewards. The Equity theory suggests that employees strive for equity between themselves and other workers, therefore positive outcomes and high levels of motivation can be expected only when employees perceive their treatment to be fair – when the ratio of employee outcomes over inputs is equal to other employee outcomes over inputs (McShane and Travaglione 2007, p154). The first move to adjust the under-reward inequity for employees is to make them engage in organizational citizenship by mobilizing qualified workers to full-time job. The company should have a competency-based reward system in place. When employees show exceptional competence in workforce, their pay will get increase with the skills demonstrated in order to reinforce the probability of that specific behavior – positive reinforcement. On the other hand, instead of having a percentage of food unsold or damaged b onus scheme, managers should be rewarded based on their performance and qualification. This would be an equitable solution for both managers and employees. To overcome the ability problem, the company should select employees whose existing competencies best fit the required tasks. This mismatch of ability can be seen where relatively young and inexperienced managers are performing challenging tasks, whereas having highly educated employees responsible for less challenging tasks. A solution for that is to increase the capability of college qualified employees through job design. Having the required  knowledge and educational background employees may get promote to perform those challenging tasks. To support multi-skilling, the company should exercise job rotation by moving employees from one job to another to enable them to learn several jobs. Moreover, job enlargement also increases skill variety, and work efficiency and flexibility. To ensure high satisfaction and performance, employees need to have autonomy as well as job knowledge. As shown in the case, with the absence of supervisor the unsold or damaged food percentage remained at a low level. This led us to another important point – job enrichment. The heart of job enrichment is to give employees more freedom. To avoid the misuse of freedom, value congruence within the organization become significant, as such all employees share a common value to achieve a common objective. To overcome the problem of role perceptions, the process of goal setting is dominant by clarifying employees their role perceptions by establishing performance objectives (McShane and Travaglione 2007, p149). The goal has to be specific and relevant. For example, the role of night managers is to control the operation in the evenings (relevant) and to report the accurate employee mistake and burned pizza (specific). Yet the night managers should be committed to accomplishing the challenging goal set. This refers back to the E-to-P expectancy, the more belief that the goal can be accomplished, the more committed the night mangers are to the goal. Last but not least, to overcome the tension between managers and employees the building up of organizational commitment is essential. Managers should treat employees with justice and support, in which to retrieve the benefits employees had – free pizzas, salads or drinks to build affective commitment and organizational justice discussed above. In addition the building up of trust is equally important, therefore to intimidate with a lie detector ought to be abolished. Employee feel obliged to work for an organization only when they trust their leaders. Therefore, with high levels of affective commitment employees are less likely to leave the organization, and have a higher work motivation as well as somewhat higher job satisfaction. Reference List McShane, S. and Travaglione, T. (2007), Organizational Behaviour on the Pacific Rim, 2nd Edition, North Ryde: McGraw-Hill Australia.

WTO Dispute Settlement Procedures Dissertation

WTO Dispute Settlement Procedures - Dissertation Example ed system, the facts are that is simply installed a complex legal system that is basically beyond the capabilities of developing nations to effectively use in terms of staffing and expertise. The realities of the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding as brought forth in this study indicated that the organisation needs to review its process to provide a pooled legal staff to represent the interests of its emerging nations. This examination will bring forth information and examples to provide an understanding of the WTO dispute handing processes as a means to reveal the issues. Â   Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 6 1.1 Background Summary 6 1.2 Problem Statement 7 1.3 Aims and Objectives 8 1.4 Significance of the Study 8 2.0 Literature Review 9 2.1 The World Trade Organisation – An Overview 9 2.1.1 Uruguay Round Additions 11 2.2 WTO Dispute Settlement Process 17 2.3 WTO Disputes Settlement and Developing Countries 22 2.4 WTO Dispute Settlement Study 36 2.5 Developing Country I nvestigations 42 3.0 Methodology 50 3.1 Framework 50 3.2 Research Strategy 51 3.3 Data Collection 52 3.4 Limitations 52 4.0 Findings and Analysis 53 4.1 Problem Statement 53 4.2 Aim 55 4.3 Objective 57 4.3.1 The various problems associated with the system while seeking resolutions and various reforms within the dispute resolution process to make it more suitable for the developing countries. 57 4.3.1 Examine the WTO dispute settlement process using examples of Gulf States in the Middle East as well as other developing countries in terms of equity and fairness. 59 5.0 Conclusion 64 References 67 Figures and Tables Figures Figure 1 – WTO Dispute Settlement System 19 Figure 2 - Value of world merchandise trade by region, 2000-2009 22 Figure 3 - Regional shares in world merchandise exports, 2000 and...As developed and brought forth under the Introduction segment, the World Trade Organisation grew from the experiences, understandings and lessons learned under GATT. The preceding s tatement represents a sweeping broad generalisation in that within the processes of the WTO the settling of disputes represents a real as well as important part of the system. It is this area that has given rise to comments and issues that this study seeks to explore. The summary background pointed out that the prior weaknesses in terms of dispute settlement, was contained in its procedures that were not effective and were politically charged that clouded the justice process. Bello and Holmer (1994, p. 1096) add to the above by telling us that any nation, especially the one against which the complaint had been filed, could effectively delay or even block the dispute resolution process. In understanding the context of this study, one needs to understand that the prior organisation had its flaws and areas that frustrated the developing nations. This situation is clearly a part of the history of the WTO and thus needs to be understood as a means to effectively examine the present Dispute Settlement Understanding. Factors that worked against GATT were that it did not operate as a formal institution, thus it lacked official procedures for making rules that were obligatory on all parties (Georgetown Law Library, 2009).