Briefly outline the main features of the ‘Wuthering Heights’ and ‘The Woman in Black’

The Gothic genre became popular in the mid-eighteeth centuary when ‘The Castle of Otranto' by Horace Warpole was written. Emily Bronte was influence by ‘The Bridegroom of Barna', published in the nineteenth centuary when writing ‘Wuthering Heights'. Today, the equivalent of the Gothic novel a horror novel by writers such as Steven King. â€Å"The Woman in Black' is a modern novel with Gothic influences. The main features of the Gothic novels were the main character, usually an anti hero: dark, demonic and motivated by inhuman cruelty. This man usually had mysterious origins and did not value many of society's morals. Later, in the nineteenth centuary when the Romantic movement developed, the Gothic anti-hero became the Byronic hero in many novels. Like the Gothic protagonist, the Byronic hero usually had a mysterious past, as well as dark, good looks and a hatred for society's moral laws. Heathcliff, in Emily Bronte's novel ‘Wuthering Heights', is a good example of a Byronic hero. Another important feature of many Gothic novels is the setting. Gothic novels are usually set in a grim, hostile landscape often on a deserted moor or marsh, as in the case of ‘Wuthering Heights' and Susan Hill's ‘The Woman in Black'. Such grim landscape often mirrors the character of the hero. There are also references to the supernatural in many of these novels, such as the ghost of Jennet Humfrye in ‘The Woman in Black' or the ghost of Cathy in ‘Wuthering Heights'. There is also a strong supernatural element in these stories often linked to the main character. Revenge is usually a strong theme in Gothic novels. The anti hero often seeks revenge against the people around him, perhaps because of some earlier wrong he was the victim of or simply against society in general, because of the alienation he feels he has suffered. For example, in ‘Wuthering Heights' Heathcliff revenges himself against Hindley's son Hareton because of the pain Hindley caused him when he was alive. Other features of Gothic novels include the presence of an ancient retainer, usually an old man. There is also usually a victim, often a fair haired young woman. She is supposed to represent good and the moral values which the anti hero is trying so hard to destroy. The idea of a Gothic anti hero is particular prominent in ‘Wuthering Heights'. In this book the main character is Heathcliff, an orphan who is brought to Wuthering Heights by the old Mr Earnshaw in his childhood. Like most Gothic heroes, Heathcliff has dark, good looks, a mysterious past and an unquenchable desire to revenge himself on the people he feels have wronged him. The story of ‘Wuthering Heights' revolves around Heathcliff's life and his relationship with his ‘soul-mate' Cathy. Heathcliff's looks, and in particular his eyes are described by the housekeeper and narrator Nelly as â€Å"that couple of black fiends, so deeply buried, who never open their windows boldly†. Later in the book Heathcliff is contrasted with Cathy's future husband Edgar Linton: â€Å"The contrast resembled what you see in exchanging a bleak, hilly, coal country for a beautiful, fertile valley†. This description not only describes Heathcliff's looks but also his charater, bleak suggesting his personality and â€Å"hilly† describing the mood swings he has. Heathcliff's desire for revenge against Edgar Linton, Hindley Earnshaw and, to a certain extent, Cathy, is shown by his actions during the novel. He abuses Hindley's son Hareton, as well as Edgar's sister Isabella and his daughter Catherine. In contrast to ‘Wuthering Heights', ‘The Woman in Black' does not have a clear anti hero. Instead there are two characters who share this role. They are Arthur Kipps and the woman in black, Jennet Humfrye. Kipps is not the traditional Gothic hero because he does not have dark, good looks or a mysterious past. Instead, he is more like Lockwood or Edgar Linton in ‘Wuthering Heights'. The other main character shares some of the traits of the revenger and the victim in many Gothic novels. Jennet Humfrye is a ghost who had lost a child she had out of wedlock and died of a wasting disease. She is now revenging herself on innocent victims. Whilst the idea of revenge is similar to the Gothic hero, Humfrye is a very different character because she is dead and also a woman. She is also not a traditional Gothic victim, because despite being female she has a wasting disease and therefore isn't beautiful. She also does not embody the positives of society, such as chastity until marriage that most Gothic victims do. The setting and atmosphere in ‘Wuthering Heights' and ‘The Woman in Black' is also an important feature of both novels. The setting is one of biggest similarities between the two books as both are set in grim, inhospitable landscapes- ‘Wuthering Heights' on the Yorkshire Moors and ‘The Woman in Black' on a bleak marshland. Another similarity is the houses where the two novels are set: Wuthering Heights and Eel Marsh House. Both houses are bleak and very isolated. Arthur Kipps first describes Eel Marsh House as â€Å"a tall, gaunt house of grey stone†. There is a lot of adverse weather such as storms in both books. This echoes the personalities of the main characters and also helps to add even more tension and atmosphere to the plot. For example in ‘The Woman in Black', when Kipps discovers the nursery has been wrecked, there is a storm going on outside. He is unsure whether the nursery has been damaged by the storm or whether Jennet Humfrye has been there. The intrusion of the supernatural features in both novels. In ‘Wuthering Heights', it occurs at the beginning and at the end of the book, where Lockwood and then Heathcliff encounter the ghost of Cathy. ‘The Woman in Black' is basically a ghost story and therefore the intrusion of the supernatural is a major part of the plot. In both books there is confusion between reality and the supernatural. In ‘Wuthering Heights' this occurs when Lockwood encounters Cathy's ghost. It is quite clear to the reader that Cathy's ghost did actually appear but Lockwood manages to convince himself that he was dreaming, overlooking the broken window and the fact that he never went to sleep. In ‘The Woman in Black', Arthur Kipps is very sceptical about the existence of the woman in black to begin with and does not recognise the ghost when he first encounters her, describing her as â€Å"another mourner, a woman†. There are, however, clues that the woman is a ghost, just like in Wuthering Heights. She is dressed in a very old fashioned dress and disappears very suddenly. I think elements of the Gothic genre are used very effectively in both ‘The Woman in Black' and ‘Wuthering Heights', especially since neither novel is specifically a Gothic novel. I think that the theme of revenge is most prominent in ‘Wuthering Heights' because it is the driving force behind the passion of Heathcliff's character. I think the setting of the story is used to great effect in ‘The Woman in Black' because the adverse weather and desolate marsh add a lot of atmosphere and tension to the plot. I personally prefer ‘Wuthering Heights' because I feel that Emily Bronte has managed to create characters with great depth and has managed to effectively portray the passion between Heathcliff and Cathy. Also, whilst ‘Wuthering Heights' does have Gothic features to it, Bronte does not let them compromise the storyline in any way.

Do You Have a Well-Designed Organization? Essay

Do You Have a Well-Designed Organization? What are the main ideas of the article that you find important (insightful, relevant, practical) in managing people in organizations, and why? When I saw the topic of this article, I was attracted by it. Because when I worked in Sung-Yi Motor Corporation, a dealer company selling Mitsubishi motors in Taiwan, I sometimes feel my company is not a well-designed organization. Because I do not have the standards or right criteria to evaluate my corporation I can not definite that my corporation is a not well-designed organization. I am so exciting that I have the method and standards to evaluate it. The first sentence of this article â€Å"for most companies, organization design is neither a science nor an art; it’s an oxymoron. † I like this sentence very much. Because when I proposed the restructure project, I bumped into this kind of challenge. When my company set the branches in mainland China, we needed to support and control these branched. The first way we adopted is just add the responsibilities on my group, the result was that we can not support and control them effectively. We faced the difficulty and we need to adjust our structure to improve the situation. This article provides nine tests to evaluate the structure of organization. The nine tests can be categorized to two kinds of standards; four of them called fit tests are used to evaluate an existing structure, and the others called good design tests are used to create a new one. These tests help a company inspects its outside and inside situations. By the result of these texts, an organization can change its original not proper structure to a better one. Next paragraph I will use these tests to evaluate my previous company.

A Trip to Spain

It was a beautiful Saturday afternoon and me and my friend Sam were hanging out at some coffee place enjoying each other's company. Sam and I have been friends since we were about five years old making our bond stronger than any of my other friends. I glanced at him and suddenly thought of a brilliant idea.Spring break was just around the corner and we both love traveling. I told him that I want to go to Italy since I have been interested in the Italian culture for the longest time. I have read a lot about the country, and even tried to learn the language for some time. I also love to watch Italian football.However, Sam indicated that he preferred going to Spain. He had a lot of Spanish friends and wanted to know more about the country. After arguing for a while, we decided to check the travel agencies in the area and take the cheapest package for a trip to Spain. This is how my friendship with Sam goes. We both have different opinions and points of view but we try to compromise to b e able to decide on things.When we arrived at the travel agency, a crowd of people wanting to book flights for their vacations welcomed us inside. Luckily, there was one available agent at the corner of the office. We approached her and stated that we were planning take a trip to either Spain or Italy for one week and we would prefer to take the cheapest offer.After a few minutes of checking their system on the computer, she related that the cheapest flight was to Malaga, which is the capital of Costa del Sol, in the south region of Spain. The package would also come along with a hotel accommodation. This was good news for us and we took the offer without hesitation.The flight to Spain was not until after a few days and I spent those days trying to prepare for the trip. I made a checklist of what I was supposed to bring. I thought very carefully of the clothes and shoes that I would bring. I also made sure that my camera was fully charged. I even did my research about Spain in the I nternet.The day of the flight to Spain came quickly. I arrived at the airport at six o'clock in the morning and found Sam waiting for me. He looked slightly annoyed because I was a bit late but I explained that my alarm clock did not go off and apologized for this.I am grateful because Sam is very understanding. If this had been some other person, he or she would not have understood and would not have accepted my apology quickly, since this was an important day for both of us. But it was Sam and this is how he really is and I am glad for this. We were lucky because our flight was delayed.At 7:30 a.m., the airplane took off the airport. The plane was full of tourists. We found our way to our assigned seats. We placed our carry-ons inside the compartment overhead and took our seats. We got comfortable and Sam began talking to the young lady next to him. I did not realize that I have fallen fast asleep. The thing I knew was Sam was waking me up because the plane was about to land.The M alaga airport was small and there were no English signs. We did not know where to go and the place was crowded with people speaking only in Spanish. Sam looked around to see if he recognized anyone from our flight. We were so relieved when we heard some English words calling those from our flight to gather around.We walked to the voice and there was a young man who looked like he was Spanish and an one old man whom I recognized from the flight. The old man asked us which city we were headed to and we indicated that we were planning to go to Malaga. They then led us to the bus that would take us to Malaga. The ride took 30 minutes before we arrived at the hotel.We approached the front desk and checked in our room. Sam was feeling tired and wanted to rest for a while but I was feeling like a tourist and wanted to explore the city at that moment. However, Sam was really persistent on resting first so I told him that I would go out alone and would come back for him after a few hours. It was sunny and warm and I had no idea where to go first.I decided to take a walk on the beach because I found the sea view amazing with the sand having no traces of trash or any unpleasant things. Walking around trying to explore the area, I sensed that someone was cooking fish and the aroma made me realize that I had not eaten except for the food, which was served in the airplane. I felt my stomach growling when I saw the restaurants lined up along the beach. I picked one that looked new from its designs and interior.The menu was written in Spanish and I only knew a few words in Spanish and found that this would be harder than I thought. I tried telling the waiter that I wanted a meal with shrimps but unfortunately, the waiter only knew a few words in English.Another waiter was called whom I presumed knew how to speak in English better. I repeated my order, which he took, and surveyed the view of the beach. While waiting for my food, I got into thinking that differences in language s can really become a barrier of communication not only in Spain but everywhere. After I finished my meal, I continued walking by the beach and tried to shop for souvenirs from the gift shops along the way.The beach was very long and I believe I walked for three to four miles before noticing that the sun was beginning to set. I went back to the hotel to wake up Sam but when I entered the room, I saw that Sam was already awake and looked like he just finished a meal.Sam was not bothered that he missed walking on the beach and simply stated that he could go the next day. This is what I liked about him. He is not someone who considers things as a big deal, which can make things complicated.At around 10:00 p.m., we decided to go to a night club, which was not too far from the hotel. The club was too big and there were a lot of people inside. I heard group of people talking in English so I felt comfortable enough to approach them. Meanwhile, Sam went to buy some drinks from the bar. The group consisted of three girls and two boys.After introducing ourselves and getting to know their names, we found out that they have arrived two days ago and experienced the same problem with the language. We all sat together in an area where the music was lower and we were able to hear each other better.We talked about numerous things but it was mostly about Spain and its culture. After the discussions, we managed to get into the center of dance floor and danced until we were too exhausted. Sam and I came back to the hotel with too much to drink.The next day, I woke up with a hangover. I looked over to Sam's bed and saw that he was awake too. We laughed as we tried to recollect what had happened the night before. Sam related that I fell asleep on the table at the club and he had to carry me all the way back to the hotel. I was shocked to hear about this because this has never happened to me before.I apologized to Sam and blamed the alcohol for my behavior. I was relieved when he sa id that it was okay since he also had a good time at the club. Sam is such a good a friend. I can always rely on him to look out for me and he does not mind this. After making more fun of me, we decided to have some breakfast.Later in the day, in the heart of Malaga, Sam and I sat in a French cafà ©, which was full of people from different parts of the world. The weather was beautiful that day so we sat outside the cafe observing the people walking by. I lit my cigarette and started drinking my cappuccino when the group we met last night approached us.The girl with the dark hair commented that it was a crazy night. I was a bit embarrassed when I remembered what happened but I agreed with what she said. We talked some more about the night before and had a good laugh. Then, I mentioned that there was a soccer game tomorrow where Barcelona would be playing against Malaga. I invited them to come with us and they quickly agreed since they had no plans for that particular day.

Italian culture, government, economy, business, foreign trade and Essay

Italian culture, government, economy, business, foreign trade and ethical issues - Essay Example the Mafia and corruption in the government. But take a look now, Italy is at the moment one of the most industrialized nations in the world. It is the second most popular tourist country in the world only next to USA. It is also the world's largest wine producer. Italy is one of the most culture-oriented country in the world. Today, it has given us Antonioni and Fellini (in cinematic arts), Pavarotti and Bocelli (in operatic music), Maria Montessori (in education), Armani, Gucci, Prada, Versace and Valentino (in fashion arts) and Damiani (in jewelry-making). The Duomo cathedral, the leaning tower of Pisa, the Piazza San Marco in Venice and the La Scala theater are showcases of Italian architecture. But the ones who made a dent and established Italy as the center of world culture are the Renaissance artists, intellectuals and scientists of the 14th to 16th century. The Renaissance or rebirth produced a revival of classical culture and a heightened interest in classical literature and philosophy. It Bernini, Titian, Verdi, Puccini, Vivaldi, Rossini, Donizetti, Galileo, poet Petrarch and philosopher Nicolo Machiavelli. In that era the city-state of Florence was the center of the movement where prolific artists, fostered by the ruling Medici family, strut their talents to the fore. Another important contribution of Italy to world culture is the opera. An opera is a "play in which all the words are sung to an instrumental accompaniment"(Art and Man 32). The earliest opera known to mankind was Daphne, composed by Jacobo Peri in Florence in 1597. However, Eurydice, again by Peri with lyrics by Giulio Cacchini and based on the Greek myth of Orpheus and Eurydice, is on record the earliest surviving opera. Opera as an art was perfected by Claudio Monteverdi in 1607, who "employed a larger and more varied ensemble of instruments and put a new dramatic excitement and human emotion into the music he composed for Orfeo" (Art and Man 32). Italian Government The Italian government, since time immemorial, is intensely dynamic, intrigue-laden, chaotic and unstable. Because of this and because of corruption in high places, prosperity was greatly hindered. Since the end of World War II, the government was changed 44 times in 37 years. It is said that governments in Italy "form and fall with the regularity of seasons" (Funk and Wagnall's Encyclopedia 185). It is further complicated by the fact that nominally, Italy is democratic but many city governments are run by communist mayors. In fact, the communist party, born in the 1920's, perpetually exerts influence over labor and social legislation. Strikes and street demonstrations are dime a dozen and under-the-table deals permeate the daily

Airport Security, their loop holes and solution proposal Research Paper

Airport Security, their loop holes and solution proposal - Research Paper Example tly, aviation security remains to be one of the current issues of concern as it is a priority for travelers, crew, countries, airports, cargo owners and the airlines. Moreover, it cannot be dispensed that a significant number of people pass via airports. This makes airports to be vulnerable to terrorism, as well as other forms of criminal activities as people interact (Wiener, 1988). More often than not, terrorists have utilized airplane hijacking as a lethal tool to advance terrorism. In this regard, airport security targets preventing threats or potential dangerous conditions from occurring or befalling a country. If airport security works well, the likelihood of penetration of illegal activities, dangerous situations, illegal drugs or threats into a country, place or aircraft is significantly reduced (Bart, 2007). The security at airports is crucial for various purposes: first, it protects the airports and air craft from potential risks. This way, airport security serves to assure the safety of the travelers. Secondly, in protecting the aircraft from potential risks, the airport security also checks on the security of a country. Needless to say, the purpose of aircraft security can be summarized as to prevent harm on aircrafts, passengers and aircraft crew, as well as, offer support to counter-terrorism policies and national security (Bart, 2007). The first terrorist incident on travelers on board was the Cubana Flight 455 incident that occurred in 1976. The Cubana flight had just left Barbados and was headed for Jamaica when it was brought down by a terrorist attack. In the incident, seventy three civilians lost their lives. The attack was linked to Cuban anti-Castro exiles that had a connection with the Central Intelligence Agency, as well as members secrete police from Venezuela (DISIP), which included Luis Posada Carriles. The deadliest airline tragedy that following failed security at the airport to detect a bomb on onboard occurred in 1985 and involved

Systems Media Table Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Systems Media Table - Assignment Example For instance, it can be used by small business, house record or as a phone directory The Hospital information system records manage, stores, manipulate and display the patients, medicine, doctors, beds and other resources record. Furthermore, the hospital management system is helpful in complete handling and running the administrative, financial and clinical operations of the hospital. Specialty information system technology offers a lot of different types of services. Specialty information system offers services for a lot of areas for example in proprietary or specialized processes connected to IT applications (e.g. project management, systems planning, network administration, database design, systems integration, network engineering, helpdesk support etc.). Administrative information systems offer facilities and supports in business/enterprise-wide requirements managing, maintaining and implementing the human resources and administration to finance, budgeting, payroll, research, time and effort reporting, etc. The main purpose of the operation support system is to deal with the telecom network based supporting processes like that provisioning services, maintaining network inventory, managing faults and configuring network components. A documentation system is a set of computer programs that is utilized to keep track and store electronic documents. The documentation system is also used to manage and handle the images of paper documents. Basically, these systems are used by organizations, business, and institutions for basic content management. In addition, these systems are used with the incorporation of digital asset management, enterprise content management (ECM) systems, workflow systems, document imaging, and records management systems.

Teenage Pregnancy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Teenage Pregnancy - Essay Example There has been a growing agony regarding the problem of teenage pregnancy and early parenthood, since it is acknowledged that these lead to poor educational achievement, poor physical and mental health, poverty, and social isolation for both the parents, especially the mother and the children. Teenage pregnancy carries high costs in terms of both social and economic health of both mothers and their children. This paper will introduce the historical background of this epidemic, focusing on the controversy that encompasses the topic of public school sex education. Then, policy goals and options will be critically discussed. , in an attempt to analyze this issue, this paper will conclude with an evaluation of this policy and recommended solutions regarding the problem of teen pregnancy overall (Hoyt, HH and Broom, BL., 2002). Among the industrialized nations, the United States has the highest rates of teen pregnancy, abortion, and sexually transmitted disease. Publicly, the religious right had had a tremendous influence over the formation of federal policy in regards to teen sex education since the Reagan Administration in the 1980's. Since this time, the federal government has taken a rigid stance that the only allowable form of sex education is solely abstinence (Hampton, T., 2008). Morally speaking, the focus of federal policy is on preventing sexual conduct prior to marriage, which ignores the morality of trying to prevent teens from gaining the knowledge that could protect them from both disease and unwanted pregnancies (Dinan, J., 2008). Numerous people often question the ethics regarding this public policy. Teenage pregnancy carries high costs in terms of both the social and economic health of mothers and their children. Economically, teen pregnancy is an enormous drain on American society, as the responsibility of parenting a child often prevents young mothers from completing their basic high school education. Only one-third of pregnant teen mothers manage to complete high school and only 1.5 percent obtains a college degree by the age of thirty, while close to 80 percent of all single teenage mothers rely on welfare for support (Kelly, K and Grant, L., 2007). Thirty-four percent of teenage girls in America get pregnant at least one time prior to reaching the age of twenty (Horgan, RP and Kenny, LC., 2007). Thus far by law, abstinence-only sex education programs are mandated to eliminate educating complete, medically accurate information (Kohler, PK, Manhart, LE., and Lafferty, WE., 2008). Educators are prohibited by law from following research and public opinion supporting comprehensive sex education, regarding tactics that actually work in a positive manner to prevent teen pregnancy and lower STD rates (Rose, 2005, p. 1207). The most influential stakeholder group on this issue is the religious right. Rose (2005) makes it very clear that this group represents only 10 percent of the adult American population. A 2004 report, "Public Support for Comprehensive Sexuality education, "reveals that 93 percent of parents of junior high school students and 91 percent of parents of high school students indicate support for comprehensive sex

Drug trade between Mexico and the United states Essay

Drug trade between Mexico and the United states - Essay Example a Frequently asked questions style with a series of questions such as who are the major players, â€Å"What are the risks of using soldiers in the fight instead of police?† and â€Å"What progress has President Calderà ³n made dismantling cartels?† Border scholars have on the whole rejected the claim that the U.S.–Mexico border has been dissolved by late modern crossborder migrations of capital, people, and practices. This article proposes that border policing in the wake of September 11, 2001, surfaces the long-standing relative incoherence of U.S. geopolitical and geoeconomic practice. The author describes the border as a security/economy nexus in U.S. statecraft. This article examines the militarization and transnationalization of the U.S. war on drugs as a liberal technique for identifying populations that must be governed in other ways. It begins by placing its relationship with the rise of the penal state in the context of neoliberalism in the U.S., then examines the geopolitics of its transnationalization in context of neoliberal governance in the Americas, and finishes by examining some of the empirical outcomes of this articulation between neoliberalization and punitive illiberalization in the Americas. It presents political geographical research that links globalization and criminalization and maps out the geographically particular and historically continuous ways in the context of the war on drugs. This is the official website of the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA). It has accurate information about drug trafficking in each U.S. state. It also provides government press releases and the official view of the U.S. Government on the border situation and the role of drug trafficking and the cartels in its policing. This website traces the history of the drug trafficking between Mexico and the U. S. from 1998-2009. It also identifies the attempts that both countries are making to stop this war. It provides links to hundreds of other articles on the

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Case Study Example This desk is responsible for giving out news reports, press release, handling media, approvals for advertisements, etc. The one window operation of interacting with media is what has been identified as a successful strategy by various marketing gurus. Consider the example of Barclays; the bank has a single media management window policy, whereby, the department is responsible for handling media related issues from press release to press conferences, from giving an employment ad in the newspaper to a product ad, everything from any department has to come to this media desk, and from there, it gets dispersed to the media. This not just ensures consistency of media management practices but also ensures that there is no misquotation of any management word in the media, since everything channelizes through this department, the statements prior to appearing in media are well modified to ensure that it complies with the given set of rules of the media desk. Another classical example is that of the FMCG firms like Unilever and P&G; if observed closely, it can be seen that the vacancy ads of these firms are highly standardized no matter which job it is for. Additionally, the product advertisements are also very standardized for the fact that the points that they should cover, the disclaimers, etc. This clearly indicates that the firm has a specialized advertising desk that is responsible for ensuring that certain particular ingredients are present in all ads that are given out by the respective firms. For any newer firm entering a particular business, it should be known media is a tremendous resource if utilized appropriately. Its utilization truly depends on how it is tackled by the firm. A business should establish a media desk whereby it is responsible for tackling all media affairs. As mentioned in the example of Barclays, a specialized media desk is effective for businesses because they create a relationship with media activities and their constant

Nebraska Conflict between Native Americans and the Whites Research Paper

Nebraska Conflict between Native Americans and the Whites - Research Paper Example Present-day Nebraskans may be surprised at though of Confederate troops defending their state from Indians in the Platte Valley. Nevertheless, former Confederates helped much to defend Nebraska frontier during two crucial years of Indian War. By 1864 it became clear that Nebraska needed some kind of help on its frontier because the available manpower grew increasingly less and less adequate. In summer of that year the Arapaho, Sioux and Cheyenne tribes broke telegraph communications, closed the Overland Route, and drove the whites in horror to the Plains. Col. John M. Chivington’s desperate attack on peaceful Natives at Sand Creek, Colorado, infuriated more hostile Indian tribes. 1865 promised to bring an exodus of the whites from already colonized territories. This notwithstanding frontier defenses was enforced by the regiments of the so-called Galvanized Yankees. Officially named â€Å"United States Volunteers†, these were the regiments composed of the former Confederate soldiers. These former Confederates were willing to fight Indians on the assurance that they would not be ordered to fight their country-fellow-men in the south. In the aftermath of the Civil War, the frontier of Nebraska gained its full development. With the release of the volunteers, the regular units resumed the task of the defending the frontier and the regular soldier became Nebraska’s frontier society’s integral part. Dozens of new military posts were built; to the few outposts previously established in Nebraska were added such up-to-date installations as Fort Sidney and Camp Sargent at North Platte. Army campaigns against the Natives intensified increasingly until the power of Indians on the Plains was utterly destroyed. The third phase of Nebraska’s frontier’s history had begun. The significance of these activities is clear by the rapid social and economic growth of Nebraska as of that territory reached its statehood. There were really plenty of the reasons to worry. To be sure after the Civil War was over Nebraska did really escaped violence in scales usual for the times of trouble like that.

Essay on Distributive Bargaining and Mediation

On Distributive Bargaining and Mediation - Essay Example Distributive bargaining is generally referred as negotiation of win and loses between parties where both the parties attempt to maximize their profit and minimize personal losses. On the other hand, integrative bargaining focuses on developing a win-win situation for both the parties. It is also referred to as interest based bargaining as in this negotiation parties collaborate to determine a solution that generate mutual satisfaction. In certain specific situations, other measures of negotiation such as mediation are implemented as well. Mediation is one of the well-known processes of alternative dispute resolution where dispute resolution is facilitated through skilled leadership of a third party unbiased to the situation (Raiffa, 1982). In this paper, mediation and distributive bargaining have been compared and analyzed as measures of negotiation. The paper also highlights benefits and drawbacks of both the measures in context of conflict resolution and discusses situations where each of these methods is most suitable. It was gathered that a number of scholarly articles on dispute resolution indicates that primarily two kinds of negotiation strategies are adopted in most cases, namely, distributive bargaining and integrative bargaining. The philosophy of distributive bargaining focuses on value claiming and refrains from dividing the pie. There has been a mention of pie in this paper as the concept is often compared to division of pie by most researchers. The distributive bargaining is implied in terms of zero sum approach of economic theory because the process of dividing outcomes of an event under this method of negotiation is mutually exhaustive (Amanatullah, Morris & Curhan, 2008). One of the important aspects of distributive bargaining is that negative correlation is exhibited among interests of aggrieved parties while gain of one party is directly proportional to loss of another. Authors such

Hardware analysis Essay Example for Free

Hardware analysis Essay If any mistakes are found, he has assured them more work for less pay by making them enter all data twice, after which the computer will check for errors (Double-entry verification). This will also show who is to blame for mistakes. Output The website should be viewable on the 17inch CRT monitor. A large high spec TFT monitor is not needed, as it will only be used to see the end product of the produced website, and how it will look like to viewers on the internet. This display would be sensible to use, as the majority of internet users will be using a similar output. A standard set of speakers will be needed to test the audio files that shall be put on the website. A top of the range sub-woofer system will not be necessary, as the main purpose of the speakers will be testing. A regular set of 230w speakers should be more than fit for the purpose. A top-quality colour laser printer will not be needed to print out pages from his website. Instead the HP DeskJet 620 printer that will come with the PC he will purchase will be more cost-effective, and is adequate for its purpose as only a few pages are going to be printed on the odd occasion. It will allow him to print out pages in black or in colour from his website when and so he pleases, to see what they would look like to customers if they were to print out the same pages. Backup\Security Strategy The website file containing the final system will be too large to be backed up on disk, as it could be well over a 100MB, due to images and video audio files. Instead, backups shall be made at least once a week onto to as many recordable compact discs (CD-R) as needed. This process will usually take 8 minutes per recordable disc as Mr Murray is lucky enough to be receiving a 32x CD rewriter with his pc. All backup in a different location to where the computer containing the main system is, in case there is a fire, theft or flood. To make sure nobody can manipulate the website design, the computer with the website on it, and the website itself are both going to be password-protected. This will be very useful, as Mr Murray can protect the database from any unwanted intruders, and choose who he wants to have the responsibility of knowing the password. Even so, Mr Murray needs to remember to frequently change his password, in case someone finds out the password and gains access to the database. Most important of all, Mr Murray and whomsoever he chooses to tell the password to, must not write the password anywhere as this increases the risk of an impostor tampering with the design of the website. Although, the software package is quite costly, as mentioned in the identify section cost is not a huge problem for Mr Murray, as he has some family members who are ready to invest in the business. On the other hand, Mr Murray does not want to be paying large amounts of money, for a system which is not 100% guaranteed to work. Therefore Mr Murray has to find a balance, and go with the software package which he thinks is the most likely to work. After some discussion, Mr Murray and I decided that MS Publisher would be the most suitable software package for Mr Murray to use. in relation to the user requirements mentioned in the identify section. Microsoft Word could be used. As mentioned in the Identify section, it can be used to insert pictures video clips, however it cannot be edited with as much ease as a true desktop publishing package. Front page Express would be a good choice, as it is specifically written for producing web sites. However, staff will need training, and the software package does not come cheep. Mr Murrays advertising employees currently use Microsoft Works to produce their material. Microsoft Works is a very simple version of its bigger brother Microsoft Word. This means that staff may not need training. Microsoft Word not only includes graphics and fancy headings, but can also be used to insert video clips. Nevertheless, the cost needed to buy the program will be an issue, as Mr Murray is currently in debt from a bank loan. A desktop Publishing program could also be purchased. This would be a considerable package to consider, as it is specifically written for publishing, and can be used to publish a web site, which is accessible from anywhere in the world. Even So, there is the cost of buying the program to consider (as mentioned earlier), as well as the money and time needed to train staff. include data collection evaluation methods [In each section (e. g. video , dvd etc.. ) the best title will have a video clip of it attached on that section of the website. ]

Rammed Earth As A Low Impact Building Environmental Sciences Essay

Rammed Earth As A Low Impact Building Environmental Sciences Essay Rammed earth is widely used as a construction material from past many years. It is a monolithic type of construction which is built by compacting successive layers of soil. Rammed Earth as a material has a wide range of advantages and utilizations. So, an approach to explore the rammed earth construction in temperate climate of India by understanding the techniques and methods of construction, the properties of the material and the use of rammed earth in from past till present as well as in future in described. The essay is a brief study of the material, its history, technology, climatic response, feasibility and stand in todays construction era. Experimental data have been included. 1. INTRODUCTION SUSTAINABLE BUILDING The sustainable building technology has seen a recent jump in interest in recent times. The rise in Global Warming has led Governments, to take speedy measures, to execute more environmental friendly practices. The government of UK has set up plans to reduce impact on earth by 60% by the year 2050 (DTI, 2007). Currently, the buildings in Europe contribute to 25-40% of the energy used by the society (UNEP, 2007). The energy used in a building can be summarised by, the embodied energy of material, the energy spent in transportation, that used in construction, the energy consumed in the use of building and lastly, the energy used in disposal of the building at the end of its life. This energy consumption can be reduced by using low impact material, which carries low embodied energy. The embodied energy contributes to 10% of the total energy consumed by the building (UNEP, 2007). The use of locally available material can reduce the transportation energy. Different environmental building technologies, such as passive design for buildings can be used to reduce the energy in use of the buildings. Thus the use and study of low impact building material has gained importance. SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS Sustainable materials have been used through centuries, but the environmental building technology, which has come out of the current environmental restraints, has set the revival of the old environment friendly materials. The locally available materials, which can be used without spending energy on transportation, manufacture of materials and even processing of raw materials, prove more economic, for energy consumption. Industrialised construction causes a lot of pollution. Thus the alternate methods of construction, viz, abode, rammed earth, stone, straw bale, hemp-lime, bamboo, cob, wood, earth-bag, wattle and daub among others. The traditional building methods have employed use of the natural materials in the past. Now, these materials and technologies, through study and experiment, are being reinvented, for efficient sustainable low impact use. Rammed Earth is one such material which is being revived as a low impact building material. The significance of this material in the history of architecture is worthless. Michael Crichton, an author describes, If you dont know history, then you dont know anything. You are a leaf that doesnt know it is part of a tree. This essay is an opportunity, to learn about the vernacular and modern use of Rammed earth. As rammed earth construction is found in different climatic zones, it also brings the necessity of considering the materials relation with various climate types. It is important to study the properties, techniques (both vernacular and modern) of building in load bearing and framed construction and also their response to climate and geographical context. This essay explores Rammed Earth, as a low impact building material. The study of its historic social context and its appropriateness in todays building scenario is also carried out. An analysis is made on the appropriateness of Rammed Earth, for contemporary architecture. RAMMED EARTH One of the oldest building methods, Rammed Earth is a (adjective) form of construction. Through centuries, this method has been used to build superior quality walls, which encompass the qualities a building should possess, viz. Strength, beauty and utility. Buildings made of rammed earth have stood strong for hundreds of years. In the past decade, the importance of rammed earth has considerably increased. In view of, the need of a more sustainable environment; as a material consuming less energy, yet providing a greater life span, Rammed Earth is being re invented as another low impact, energy efficient building material. The Rammed Earth walls are made using materials of earth, namely, lime, mud, gravel, chalk, etc. These constituents are easily available on any land, and hence, the Rammed Earth construction has been found on all continents, except, the Antarctica. Its favourability to any climate and measure of strength are proved by the many ancient earth buildings which still exist, eg. The Great Wall of China, China. Many earth structures sit in the foot of the Himalayas. Earth heritage can also be found in the countries of China, India, France, Morocco, Spain, South America, and Europe. 1.2 RAMMED EARTH CONSTRUCTION Rammed earth walls are constructed by compacting soil in the formwork. Usually damp soil from the site is used directly, or sieved, to remove the larger gravels in the soil. This soil is then added with suitable proportions of stabilizers. Initially animal blood was used as a stabilizer, as opposed to the cement, asphalt or lime stabilizers of today. Straw is used as reinforcement, and mixed in the soil batches. A layer of soil of thickness 150mm is placed in the formwork and then compacted with rammers. Once this layer gets settled, other layers of same thickness follow. The required height can be achieved by moving the formwork upward as the layers settle. The wall hardens almost as soon as the form work is removed. Rammed earth takes 2 years to cure. It gains compressive strength as it cures. Thus the construction is best done in warm weather, so the walls can dry and harden. 1.3 PROPERTIES Dry density Strength (compressive, tensile, shear) Durability Shrinkage Surface finish Thermal insulation Advantages Distinct appearance Natural and readily available Low embodied energy (a level similar to brick veneer construction) Unstablised earth is reusable post-demolition High moisture mass, hygroscopic helps regulate humidity Use of local soils supports sustainability practices. High thermal mass (though work is still underway to quantify its extent) Airtight construction achievable Traditional form of construction Modern methods are widely tried and tested overseas eg Australia Disadvantages Concerns over durability requires careful detailing Poor thermal resistance external walls require additional insulation Not all soil types are appropriate High levels of construction quality control are required Longer than average construction period Few modern examples exist in the UK relatively untested in UK climate. High clay content can cause moisture movement. Structures may need to accommodate this. No UK codes of practice Adding cement stabilisation can compromise environmental credentials 1.4 STABILISED EARTH CONSTRUCTION Though rammed earth is considered a strongly sustainable material, it has some shortcomings in relation with durability. Some of the factors in natural earth which need improvement are, water resistance, shrinkage, external surface protection and strength. For overcoming this problem, stabilisers are used. In olden times, lime or animal blood were used to stabilise the material, while modern construction uses lime, cement or asphalt emulsions. Some modern builders also use bottles, tires, or pieces of timber. Though stabilisers add to the carbon emission and thus the negative impact to some extent, they reduce uncertainty and risk. Hence, they are used. The most common stabiliser used is cement. It generally makes 6 to 7% of the total mixture. Characteristics of Stabilised Rammed Earth STRENGTH Strength of unstabilised Rammed Earth is 1MPa and that of stabilised Rammed Earth is 10MPa. Stabilised Rammed Earth is suitable for both load bearing and framed structure. FIRE SAFETY Earth is a non-combustible material. Rammed Earth walls can sustain fire for 9 hours. RESISTANCE TO MOISTURE Earth walls can control humidity. Unclad internal walls can hold humidity 40% 60% which is suitable for asthma patients, and storage of books. SOUND INSULATION Rammed Earth is effective for insulation. The design should accommodate provision of cavity walls for better sound separation. CONSERVATION OF FUEL AND POWER U-value of 300mm earth wall is H 1.5 3 W/m2K, therefore insulation needs adding in external wall applications. MATERIALS AND WORKMANSHIP Material adequacy can be found out by sampling, lab testing or precedence. The quality of workmanship can only be derived against specification, test panels, etc. 1.5 DESIGN ISSUES STABILISED RAMMED EARTH walls need added protection. Hence additional measures are required to be taken while designing rammed earth construction. 1.51 INSULATION As discussed earlier, rammed earth has some shortcomings. Rammed earth has poor thermal performance, in some areas. Here, extra insulation is required. Earth walls breathe. They absorb moisture and then let it evaporate. Rammed earth is hygroscopic. Wherever walls have external cladding, the cladding systems should be vapour permeable. It is wise to consider vapour permeable walls for both unstabilised and stabilised walls, to reduce condensation build up on the inside face of insulation. When moisture is allowed to escape from the external face, the permeability is of less concern while specifying internally applied insulation. External Insulation Wall needs to be protected from weathering. Thermal mass should be exposed internally. Some types of insulation renders are described below. Insulating render rammed earth with insulating render Figure: showing insulation Source: http://www.greenspec.co.uk/rammed-earth.php. Insulation Board and Render rammed earth and insulation board and render Figure: showing insulation Source: http://www.greenspec.co.uk/rammed-earth.php. Insulation materials: breathing insulation: cellulose slab, composite wood wool board (not cement-based), wood fibre board, cork, hemp, and hemp-lime. Render: limecrete, mineral render, plaster, proprietary permeable renders. Rain screen Cladding rammed earth and rainscreen cladding Figure: showing rain screen cladding Source: http://www.greenspec.co.uk/rammed-earth.php Insulation materials: breathing insulation: cellulose slab, composite wood wool board (not cement-based), wood fibre board, cork, sheeps wool, hemp, and hemp-lime.Cladding: wood, tiles, slate, board and polymer-based render, proprietary cladding systems. B) INTERNAL INSULATION In case of internal insulation, the natural look of the exterior is maintained, but the available thermal mass on the inside is lost. rammed earth internal insulation Figure: Free standing studwork with infill insulation. Source: http://www.greenspec.co.uk/rammed-earth.php. Insulation materials: Cellular glass, Mineral wool slab, expanded polystyrene, Phenolic foam, Polyisocyanurate (PIR), Polyurethane (PUR). 1.52 WEATHER PROTECTION Protection Given By the Roof rammed earth overhanging eaves Figure: The eaves provide protection from rain. Source: http://www.greenspec.co.uk/rammed-earth.php. Footings and Base rammed earth footing and base Figure: The DPC should be finished flush with the wall surface to avoid splash. Source:http://www.greenspec.co.uk/rammed-earth.php 2.0 HISTORICAL USE Archaeological evidence can date entire cities constructed of earth back over 10,000 years. All of the great civilisations of the Middle East were constructed with mud brick and rammed earth Assyria, Babylon, Persia, and Sumeria. Rammed earth construction was used to construct countless monuments, temples, ziggurats, churches, and mosques. Many of these structures (the Great Wall of China being one) have stood the test of time and are still standing today. Rammed earth construction originated in China, in the Neolithic age. Rammed Earth remains have been found in the archaeological sites of Yangzhou and Langham cultures of the yellow river valley, dating back to 5000 BC. By 2000 BC, the use of this material spread across china. Rammed Earth was commonly used for building walls and foundations. The 4000 year old, Great Wall of China has also been originally constructed in Rammed Earth, known there as Taipa. Its outer covering of stones and bricks, made later, gives it an appearance of stone wall. Foundations dating 5000BC have been discovered in Assyria. The core of the sun pyramid in Teotihuacan, Mexico, built between 300 and 900 AD, consists of approximately 2 million tons of Rammed Earth. Rammed Earth developed as a construction technique in various parts of the world independently. It had great influence in the Middle East Countries, China and Europe. It also became popular in Africa and America. The Romans built many earth structures throughout Europe. 2.1 GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION The early human shelters were caves. So, the use of earth construction is believed to have started as extensions to caves, such as mounds of earth at cave entrances, or cut earth, etc. The Rammed Earth building technique developed in several places independently. Man spread its use to different locations with his travelling for hunting. Rammed Earth structures are made from soil removed from the ground. The soil which has appropriate proportions of clay soil and sandy silt, is suitable for construction. The regions with abundance of such soil make use of earth construction. This soil with silt, sand and clay together is found in various locations, but is usually found in hilly areas, edges of large river valleys, mountainous regions with glacial tilt. The Himalayan ranges have many still existing examples of Rammed Earth structures. Ladakh, Bhutan, Nepal are regions where Rammed Earth practices were popular. Rammed Earth continues to be promoted in the country of Bhutan. Traditional Rammed Earth was prepared by ramming natural soil in small batches in a vertical formwork. The regions, which cannot provide soil favourable for preparing sun dried clay bricks, or timber; made use of rammed earth as a construction material. The desert sections of the Great Wall of China, Potala Palace in Lhasa, are made of Rammed Earth. Rammed Earth was also used to build fortification in North Africa and Spain. In Europe, rammed earth technology was used in vernacular style in the late middle ages, and continues to be used in Africa today. 2.2 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION http://www.historicrammedearth.co.uk/indian_rammed_earth.png Soil was removed from the ground and used for construction. It was sieved if found necessary. Straw and lime, mixed into the soil, were used as additives to increase the strength of structure. The soil was then dropped into a formwork in layers of 150mm high. The layer is compacted using heavy rammers. On compaction of one layer another layer is laid and the same procedure is carried out, till the formwork is full. The formwork is then moved vertically to accommodate more earth. Once the formwork is moved vertically, the horizontal timbers are removed from the wall, leaving characteristic holes. Figure: Urdu manuscript showing Rammed Earth Construction. Historic Formworkrammed earth formwork Formwork is made up of timber sides. These are held together by vertical timbers connected to horizontal timbers which go through the wall. This formwork design is found in Nepal and Morocco. In some places, stones are placed over horizontal timbers to allow their removal. The traditional rammed earth wall can thus be constructed with little labour and without recourse to temporary works. Figure: Rammed Earth Formwork 2.3 MODES OF FAILURE AND REPAIR TECHNIQUES The strength present in unstabilised earth construction, also owes to a less understood phenomenon of suction. The pressure difference between air and water components of soil creates the interface of water and air to curve. This curve accommodates pressure difference, bringing about surface tension. The combination of surface tension and pressure difference creates a strong attractive force in the pores, thus strengthening the soil wall structure. (Jaquin P.A.) A study on failures has been made extensively by Paul Jaquin of Durham University. Considering failure mechanism of historic structures can be utilised in taking measures for rectification and prevention for future. Cracking is the main mode of failure in Rammed earth structures. A study of presence of water, for strength is also important. Water A small amount of water can add strength to the structure. Excess of this water can also lead to failure. In the later case, structure becomes saturated, loses strength, then integration and finally leads to complete destruction of the building. When a structure is not maintained, Water enters a building. It can enter the wall when the roof is open. Slurry is formed on the top of the wall and the material moves downward, leading in complete erosion of the wall. The water flows through the walls and evaporates through the surface, leaving precipitated version of salt in the pores. This salt expands and cracks the pores and leads to removal of fine grained surface. Use of permeable cement covering on the surface is not recommended, as water gets trapped and movement might occur. Use of less permeable material like brick wall also poses danger, if the water level increases leading to loss of structural integrity. The use of masonry to protect earth walls had been used in China and Spain to protect walls from the threat posed by artillery. Cracking: Cracks are formed in walls due to unsaturation of soil. The tensile stress in soil is less, which leads to this unsaturation. Crack Stitching: As a treatment to the cracks formed in buildings, crack stitching is applied. This method is applied with utmost care, so as to not induce any more stresses in the cracks. Hence Soft Stitching is practiced. This involves application of similar material across the crack. This provides similar stiffness to the material, and thus works well in repair of large cracks in earthen structures Crack stitching was carried out for a monument in Ladakh, India, by Jogn Hurd in 2004. The technique he used is as follows. A buttress is placed at the base of the slope. Soft ties are introduced across the crack to create structural integrity. A mud brick staple is constructed across the crack, to half the thickness of wall. Part of the staple is cut and hemp matting placed inside the cut. Mortared sundried bricks are then placed within the cut, forming a solid staple wall. Seismic Protection: Rammed Earth is constructed in horizontal layers. Once one layer is complete, the formwork is raised upward for another layer. Every layer is known as a lift. Historical evidence shows that materials such as, straw, lime, stones, brick are placed between lifts. These materials act as tie beams across the walls, tying them together and thus help in seismic protection (Hurd,2006). In some sites of Spain built in 1504, lengths of timber were placed in the wall while ramming. Their appropriate placement, proves an understanding of seismic design. These timers were first made circular, then covered in a lime and straw mortar, which was then rammed within the wall. These timbers were placed at 1.6m intervals, in a ring, throughout the building. 2.4 EXAMPLE C:UsersVarunDesktopbasgo1.jpg Figure: showing castle made of rammed earth at basgo, India. Source: http://www.historicrammedearth.co.uk/india.htm The site at Basgo consists of four distinct structures, three temples and a fort. The fort (Basgo Rabtan Lhartsekhar Castle) was built first and is the only structure made from rammed earth. The rammed earth section stands in the centre of the site, and consists of a mainly ruined set of walls, with no roof structure. A large crack is visible in the face of one of the walls which were repaired by in 2000. The castle withstood a three year siege in 1684, but may have been destroyed by invading Sikhs in around 1819 and definitely by 1843. 3.0 CONTEMPORARY USE The Rammed Earth construction received worldwide interest, owing to its non dependency on materials such as cement, ease of availability, and potential for recycling. The most important factor for its resurgence is its sustainable longevity. Rammed Earth is now being treated as a structural material and rules for designing have developed accordingly. In the 15th century, rammed earth was brought to Europe. The 19th century, America saw resurgence of Rammed Earth as a construction Technology. The book Rural Economy, by S.W. Johnson popularised it in the states. The famous historic landmark, Burough House Plantation in 1821, is the largest complex of built Earth in the US. After 1920, for almost 30 years government spent a lot of money on research of Earth structure construction. It even built low cost houses which became very successful. But, after WW2, the use of earth as a building material declined as modern building materials and technology were available at economic rates. Contractors and engineers found modern construction easier. Thus, use of rammed earth declined. 3.1 GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION The modern era of Rammed Earth can be seen particularly in California, Western Australia and UK. Australia has rich granite deposits and lateritic soils, suitable for construction of Rammed Earth. The property owners find all suitable material on their site itself, or nearby. This type of construction proves to be economical and long lasting. Thus the popularity grew in Australia. The technique has observed growth in the southwest, around Tucson, Arizona and Las Cruces and Albuquerque, New Mexico, California, Colorado. 3.2 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION The method is similar to historic construction at large. All the old practices employed unstabilised earth, rammed on a raised masonry stem, protected by roof hangings. Today, concrete is used in the structure. A concrete stem must project 6inches above grade. Foundations are in the shape of an inverted T. In some places, rubble filled trenches are packed with reinforced concrete beam 10 inches thick and wider than the wall, to hold the ledges. Earth material is stabilised using Portland Cement in the weight of 5%. Softer earth plaster, stabilised with asphaltic emulsions, is used to clad unstabilised earth walls. The formwork, now famous as concrete forming panel, is made of sturdy steel frame and special plywood inset, suited for rammed earth. Pneumatic ramming is used instead of the ancient hand ramming. The strength obtained by both is same. 3.4 EXAMPLE C:UsersVarunDesktopCAMR2FM1.jpg Fig: Rammed earth house in Bangalore, India. Source :http://rammedearth.blogspot.co.uk/2007/09/rammed-earth-in-india.html This is home was designed by Chitra Vishwanath Architects for Nishwath Hassan and Prakash Iyer, a Bangalore-based couple in their mid-30s. The walls are 9 thick. They have sufficient self-weight to not need any other attachment or reinforcement. There is a nice rich mud mortar between the plinth beam (theres a beam above the stone foundation) on which the bricks rest and then the rammed earth. The bricks or mud blocks can be optionally done away with. The self-weight of the wall structure is sufficient to hold it in place. In India we always have built in brick, stone and cement and reinforced cement concrete. Except for the roofs, beams and concrete columns (if there are any) steel is not used to reinforce walls. Our structural engineers say its not necessary. The load bearing capacity of the RE walls or any wall is dependent on their own strength and by self-weight they hold well in placeThe soil that was excavated from the basement was used to build the house. It was mixed by hand with sand and 5% cement then transported without the use of machinery. Its important that the design makes way for hot air (vertically up) and brings light into the right parts without using humungous openings. Helps in controlling cost of structure too. These Ecological homes that we make are cheaper than the conventional designer homes in the same city 4.0 APPROPRIATENESS OF RAMMED EARTH IN DIFFERENT CLIMATE TYPES The behaviour and function of rammed earth structures depend upon the climate they are exposed to. Rammed earth is an ideal choice for climates with distinct variation in day and night temperatures. Rammed earth is generally found in dry climates eg. Mediterranean rim, through central Asia and in parts of China and Himalayan regions. Whereas in tropical climates where the difference between day and night time temperatures is not much, Rammed earth does not work well. Although Rammed earth does not work well in excessively humid climates, evidence show that rammed earth structures can withstand severe rainstorm and snow fall for a short duration. A brief overview of different climates is given below. Temperate Climates Rammed Earth is placed in parts exposed to sunlight. The special properties of rammed earth alloy it to store the heat from the day, and release it at night, thus providing warmth. In these regions, walls are insulated to prevent heat loss. Hot, Arid Climates Buildings of high thermal mass work potentially here, in the deserts. The wall retards the passage of heat from the external face to the internal face. It even radiates the heat gained in the day time, back at night. Hot Humid Climates Night temperatures remain elevated in this environment, thus challenging the strength of rammed earth. rammed earth is placed away from direct sunlight so that it does not gain extra heat, as it will get overheated. 5.0 Tropical climate 5.1 Impact of climate 5.2 Local Availability of RE 5.3 Other uses of RE 5.4 Other factors deemed of interest. Use http://www2.cemr.wvu.edu/~rliang/ihta/papers/11%20FINAL%20Paul%20Jaquin_paper_workshop.pdf 5.5 Vernacular style in temperate climate. 5.6 Whether it has been low impact Page 12 lax 5.7 Whether it is suitable for the climate 5.8 Which other materials are suitable for temperate climate. 6.0 Conclusion Appropriateness in Contemporary architecture. The likely future for the application of rammed earth is as: Thermal mass. Internal load-bearing unstabilised walls. External load-bearing stabilised walls. (ref. Jaquin P.A. http://www.historicrammedearth.co.uk/Rammed_earth_structural_engineer.pdf) ( http://www.historicrammedearth.co.uk/india.htm) ( REF: http://www.greenhomebuilding.com/pdf/buildingstandards_sepoct98_ramearth.pdf) (Ref: http://www.rammedearthliving.com.au/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=50:in-which-climates-does-rammed-earth-perform-the-bestcatid=31:generalItemid=46) (reference: http://www.greenspec.co.uk/rammed-earth.php) :http://www.greenspec.co.uk/rammed-earth.phpreference: Rammed Earth: Design and construction guidelines, Peter Walker et al, BRE 2005

Chinas Recent Economic Progress Economics Essay

Chinas Recent Economic Progress Economics Essay A transition economy or transitional economy is an economy which is changing from a centrally planned economy to a free market. Transition economies undergo economic liberalization, where market forces set prices rather than a central planning organization. In addition to this trade barriers are removed, there is a push to privatize state-owned businesses and resources, and a financial sector is created to facilitate macroeconomic stabilization and the movement of private capital. The process has been applied in China, the former Soviet Union and Communist bloc countries of Europe, and many third world countries and detailed work has been undertaken on its economic and social effects. The transition process is usually characterized by the changing and creating of institutions, particularly private enterprises; changes in the role of the state, thereby, the creation of fundamentally different governmental institutions and the promotion of private-owned enterprises, markets and independent financial institutions. In essence, one transition mode is the functional restructuring of state institutions from being a provider of growth to an enabler, with the private sector its engine. Another transition mode is change the way that economy grows and practice mode. The relationships between these two transition modes are micro and macro, partial and whole. Chinas Economic Transition, a Great Success During the process of economic transition over the past two decades, China has been pursuing a path of development in line with the reality of the country. As a result, Chinas GDP, on average, advanced by 9.3 percent each year from 1978 to 2000. Some Background The growth of the Chinese economy in the past few decades since economic reform in 1979 has been one of the wonders of modern economic development. China has experienced unprecedented growth in the past thirty years, with GDP rising on average of about 9.7% per year, with exceptionally strong growth between 2003-2007 averaging about 11% per year.. Indeed, China currently has the fourth largest GDP, measured in nominal US dollars, with the 2006 figure standing at US$2.68 trillion. Since the late 1970s China has moved from a closed, centrally planned system to a more market-oriented one that plays a major global role in 2010 China became the worlds largest exporter. Under the rule of Deng Xiaoping in 1979, China began the long process of transformation from a Soviet-style planned economy, where production decisions were made by the state, to one where market mechanisms would be the main driving force behind economic decisions. The National Party Congress cited a lack of economic growth and an increasing economic divide with the West and other Asian countries as the reason for the change. The changes were not to be a total abandonment of communist principles but to combine capitalist ideologies with Chinese characteristics. Reform of Economy An initial process of reform was proposed to ease the economy gently into its new guise, whereby any significant disparities between an open economy and the Chinese one would be ironed out. Key to this was expansion and liberalisation of the export program, development of major infrastructure, generation of power, and utilisation of raw materials. The significant problem of food shortages for the sizeable and ever increasing population was one of the first to be addressed. Farmers were given incentives to increase production levels whilst at the same time lowering the costs of production, a scheme which had the effect of greatly increasing food supplies. The authorities believed that the success of this initial trial period in isolated areas warranted a nationwide implementation and so it became; almost the entirety of the countrys farm system was governed by this method come the mid-1980s. The free market mechanism was deepened and led to further increases in production and demand, fuelling farm incomes. One particularly important development was the new freedom given to company leaders. Although inherent production and decision making differences between agriculture and industry prevented a similar success story to that in agriculture taking place, there were significant gains to be made. Rather than being put in a proverbial managerial straightjacket, business managers were given more freedom to set production targets as well as experimenting with incentive techniques to boost productivity amongst workers. The source of funds for investment was also shifted from zero interest government loans, which did not have to be repaid thus giving no incentives to generate profit. In addition, to make use of the countrys considerable workforce the government proposed the idea of creating firms which would be collectively owned by workers so that their income would be based on how well the firm performed, again providing an incentive to raise productivity. This also had the knock-on effect of boosting certain sectors the government wished to promote, by allocating these workers to the appropriate areas. The creation of more independent and market oriented firms meant the appearance of a burgeoning domestic consumer market, with citizens being given a consumption choice that they had never had before. The central government actively encouraged the delegation of production decisions to the market, in spite of underhand measures by local authorities to disproportionately tax private sellers, and the private system expanded to levels where they rivalled their state owned counterparts by the mid-1980s. Chinas Recent Economic Progress China has started her economic reforms for about 20 yrs and is progressing so well that not unsurprisingly it draws the envy of many countries Chinas economy developed at an unprecedented rate, and that momentum has been held steady into the 21st century. It was only after the liberalization reforms and a cultural counter-revolution in the late 1970s (under Deng Xiaoping initially), that China made appreciable progress. Massive external (manufacturing) investment was first attracted based on education and cheap skilled labour, while equally massive internal investment has more recently been mobilized in modern infrastructure and urban (including consumer) facilities especially in major cities. Despite Chinas intense population pressure, there was no shortage of land as traditional uses were simply demolished to make way and existing residents apparently compensated with an apartment and better job prospects. A key feature of Chinas rapid growth is seen to have been its ability to reform its economy very quickly to become more efficient . Techniques that encourage and support policy initiative within hierarchies have been developed. In Chinas recent progress it is possible to see lessons learned from (a) Singapores experience in building a modern Chinese city with foreign investment (b) Japans neo-Confucian industry policy methods and disregard of Western financial disciplines (c) the Nationalist Partys preferred cultural alternative to Maos version of Communism and (d) Taiwans adoption of some US techniques.   China seems to be attempting to implement a system of socio-political economy that has been little studied and probably cant be understood in terms of Western analogies or cultural assumptions (for reasons like those outlined in Structural Obstacles). The short-term result has been an unprecedented and impressive rate and magnitude of gains in Chinas real economy and a perception that it has excellent future prospects even recognizing that it suffers structural defects. Moreover some analysts have recently seen China as a safe haven for investors concerns about a US asset bubble, and the structural problems facing Japan and Europe . It is also argued that that China is playing, and will continue to play, a key role in promoting regional and global collaboration .   It is seen to be challenging Japans status in Asia, and to be the only country able to sustain a view of the world which is different to that of the US. China has also been seen as a rising power that will force others to adjust because of factors such as: its huge human resources and markets; the emergence of a high class education system; and the external resources of Greater China which will provide the skills to allow its structural problems to be overcome. China-led Asia has been seen to be returning to its historical role at the centre of affairs which has had a huge impact on the global economic system similar to the long rise of Europe (and its American offshoot) to pre-eminence 500 years ago. Its emergence has (as also in the case of India) been suggested to be simply a restoration of the position which had existed for most of recorded human history . China has shifted from a unilateral stance in opposition to global institutions to working (often with great effectiveness) within those institutions. A Chinese consensus has been suggested to be a better alternative to the (so called) Washington consensus (free societies and free markets) for developing economies.  Ã‚   Some have even argued that China is the future of the world undergoing a rapid developmental process, building infrastructure and industrial capabilities that will put it into a position of immense power in 20 years and replace the US as the worlds dominant power by 2050.   China is seen to have features which are quite different to earlier challenges to the USs 20th century global dominance (eg Soviet Union, Japan) and to have the potential to create a future Asia-centred economic regime which others including the US can either be part of, or be excluded from. A popular image now seems to be presented within China  of a trendy, super-modern consumer society that will eventually be able to satisfy every material desire. Chinas Economy will flourish According to me Chinas Economy will definitely Flourish for the next coming years. Year in and year out, China has defied the naysayers and stayed the course, perpetuating the most spectacular development miracle of modern times. That seems likely to continue. The following point goes on to itemize the whys and wherefores: STRATEGY, and specifically the latest 5-year plan that shifts from the highly successful producer model of the past 30 years to a flourishing consumer society. COMMITMENT. That Chinese leadership emphasizes stability, and does so with a vengeance. WHEREWITHAL TO DELIVER. More than 30 years of reform have unlocked its economic dynamismand many more reforms are coming. SAVING. A rate of 50% funded the investment imperatives of economic development.China now stands ready to absorb some of that surplus saving to promote a shift toward internal demand. RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION will continue for 20 years, creating huge demand for Chinas massive construction boom. LOW-HANGING FRUIT: CONSUMPTION. Theres enormous room for domestic economic expansion. LOW-HANGING FRUIT: SERVICES. The Chinese service sector is just waiting to be developed. FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT continues, and shows no sign of letting up. EDUCATION: China is catching up to the rest of the word fast. INNOVATION: Education China has huge human resources and potential markets. It has a high class education system, and can draw on external resources (Greater China) for the skills to allow its structural problems to be overcome; Past obstacles have been successfully navigated, and this process is continuing; Chinas response to indications of over-heating in 2004 were satisfactory because the problem was addressed by administrative controls rather than raising interest rates and despite the bad debts of its banking system, China has large international reserves, a more-or-less balanced current account / a modest fiscal deficit and a closed capital account which prevents capital outflows. 14the 2007 credit crisis illustrates Chinas strength. A $1.3tr cash reserve has been built up in the 10 years since the Asian financial crisis and the Peoples Bank of China believes that this provides insulation against crises elsewhere. Entrepreneurs have flourished in China, and the stock market has risen rapidly. There has been a flight of capital to Asia because of the credit crunch. The US / UK economies are heavily dependent on financial services and these are in doubt Problems However, as with all economic miracles there has also been a negative side to this development, and such huge growth has had an impact upon many areas of society and the environment. There became a huge gap between the urban rich and the rural poor, due to the massive incentive and investment programmes targeted in the cities, and to this day the divide remains the one of the largest in the world. Choking levels of pollution affect a great number of Chinese cities to the extent that China can boast the unenviable accolade of being home 7 of the worlds 10 most polluted cities. Other environmental concerns include the loss of substantial amounts of arable land, soil erosion and a drop in the level of the water table. Unemployment has been difficult to contain with huge lay-offs from the previously inefficient state-owned enterprises. These and other problems show only minor sign of receding in the near future so China faces a struggle to balance its unrelenting modernization with countering domestic imbalances and global environmental concerns. To overcome these Issues Chinas Government can take the following Measures for Improvement :- Emphasizes should continue economic reforms and the need to increase domestic consumption in order to make the economy Less dependent on exports in the future Maintaining stable and fast economic growth, with a  focus on price stabilization, more job creation, improved balance of payment, and higher quality of growth. Achieving major progress in economic restructuring, with higher share of household consumption and the service sector, further urbanization, more balanced rural-urban development, lower energy intensity and carbon emissions, and better environment. Increasing peoples incomes, reducing poverty and improving the living standards and quality of life. Expanding access to basic public services, increasing the educational level of the population, developing a sound legal system, and ensuring a stable and harmonious society. Deepening the reforms in the fiscal, financial, pricing and other key sectors, changing the role of the state, improving governance and efficiency, and further integrating into the world economy. Conclusion Although China occupies a unique niche in the worlds political economyits vast populace and large physical size alone mark it as a powerful global presenceit is still possible to look at the Chinese experience and draw some general lessons for other developing countries. Most important, while capital investment is crucial to growth, it becomes even more potent when accompanied by market-oriented reforms that introduce profit incentives to rural enterprises and small private businesses. That combination can unleash a productivity boom that will propel aggregate growth. For countries with a large segment of the population underemployed in agriculture, the Chinese example may be particularly instructive. By encouraging the growth of rural enterprises and not focusing exclusively on the urban industrial sector, China has successfully moved millions of workers off farms and into factories without creating an urban crisis. Finally, Chinas open-door policy has spurred foreign direct investm ent in the country, creating still more jobs and linking the Chinese economy with international markets.

Bill Gates :: essays research papers fc

William â€Å"Bill† H. Gates: The Man with Windows William â€Å"Bill† H. Gates was born on born on October 28, 1955 to William Henry Gates, Jr. and the late Mary Gates at Seattle Washington’s Swedish Hospital. Gates is the second born of three children; Kristi is the first-born, she is a year older then Bill, and Libby, is the third born and is nine years younger. Bill follows in his ancestral lineage by being a successful executive. â€Å"His grandfather established his own furniture business†¦ [His] father created a newspaper with classified ads and a sports section that was so respected for its accuracy it won him seats in the press box at local games†¦and become a corporate lawyer†¦. [His mother Mary] was very active socially and politically†¦[she was a ] board member of Berkshire Hathaway, First Interstate Bank, Pacific Northwest Bell and the national board of United Way.† (W.H.G.III 1-4) Gates was very energetic as a child; from rocking his cradle to extreme curiosity of the world around him, he never stopped. He was extremely interested in the flourishing aerospace industry and the 1962 World Fair. While he was at the World Fair, he met what would ultimately be his life long career, a computer. At the time, it was comparable to what we would consider excellent now: the UNIVAC. â€Å"As a young child, he was extremely smart, surpassing all his classmates. By the time he was nine†¦young Gates had already read the entire world Book Encyclopedia!† (Encarta 2) Gates’ school experience was not a normal one. He was one of the brightest in his class and he had an inversed attitude to match. By the time he was in third grade his intelligence had altogether been coupled with extreme behavioral problems and at times emotional immaturity. As time passed his parents worried more and more because his talkative and extremely sarcastic personality was keeping him away from what they knew he was capable of doing. Eventually, his parents ended up sending Gates to a psychiatrist, which was one of the best things they could do because â€Å"[it] opened up is mind to a new way of thinking.† (Gates: Road pg 35) His parents knew Gates was smarter then he seemed so they looked for a way to channel his intelligence. They decided to send him to Lakeside School, an all boys reformatory. While he was their, he got involved in the Contemporary Club, which would help him in the future.

Feudalism and Capitalism Essay -- Economics Economy Norma Rae Essays

Feudalism and Capitalism Economic processes are those involving the production and distribution of goods and services. However, they do not alone determine this production and distribution. There is an interrelationship of economic, cultural, environmental, and political processes that all help to shape each other. Nothing that we do can be defined as a single process, for it is the interaction itself that helps to produce the final results that we observe. To understand this more fully the following basic definitions may be of use: "Cultural Processes" are those that involve the creation and transfer of knowledge-the production of meaning. "Political processes" are those by which we establish and enforce rules, and they have to be reproduced and communicated by way of cultural processes. And finally, "Environmental Processes" are processes and transformations of matter into other matter or matter into energy through various activities. From this one can see that the "state" of the environment is affected by culture, politics, and economics. To reiterate, we can't talk about economics and the questions that it attempts to resolve, without talking about or at least including these other aspects because they all interact and must be considered as well. There are a number of fundamental questions that economic systems attempt to solve: How does one gain access to the resources needed to produce new and useful goods and services? How does one get humans to perform the labor? How do you organize the production process? How do you get the produced output into the hands of consumers? And finally, who gets the surplus and what do they do with it? Using these questions as a basic framework, one can attempt to dete... ...")] References "Feudalism." http://www.maricopa.edu/academic/cult_sci/anthro/lost_tribes/Feudalism.html Korten, David C. "Life After Capitalism." November 1998. http://www.ratical.org/many_worlds/capitalism.html "Middle Ages: Age of Feudalism." http://www.intelliseek.com/cgi- bin/nphProFusion.pl?queryterm=feudalism&option=all&display=10&totalverify=0&auto=all&engine1=AltaVista&engine2= "Organized Labor." Wysiwyg://16http://www.britannica.com/b†¦article/9/0,5716,115719+1+108786,00.html Professor Gabriel course web page http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/filmcourse.html Shadab, Houman. "Capitalism: Frequently Asked Questions." 1996. http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~shadab/ "The Rise of Feudalism." http://www.ukans.edu/kansas/medieval/108/lectures/feudalism.html "What's Wrong With Capitalism." http://www.geocites.com/Paris/2159/capindx.html

The One Truth Of Reality Essay -- essays research papers

The One Truth of Reality The one single truth of reality is not measured or distinguished -- it is the ultimate paradox. The journey by which one achieves this truth can be a journey of increasing realizations of paradoxes, and finally, freedom from the bubble of limitation of a mind that would perceive such paradoxes as paradoxes in the first place. Truth is the same as spiritual feeling. Of spiritual perception. Of clear perception. Of freedom of the mind. Freedom of the soul. Freedom of the Heart. It is ultimate love and empathy. The end of struggle. Fully knowing the truth is to be enlightened. Fully realizing the truth is having transcended the distortions of the Machine (see The Machine at my web site given below). Truth means complete fulfillment and true happiness. Truth is impossible to change or destroy -- doing so contradicts the very nature of a single truth from which all things seen through distorted perception stem. Finding truth (and thus everything that it is) is the ultimate subconscious goal of all struggling. The search for truth, the want of truth, paradoxically, most often leads to illusion and darkness and pain. This is the case for the general spiritual state of humanity in the late Twentieth Century. In this way, truth, freedom, love, clear perception, purity, transcendence, and enlightenment are all the very same thing. During the journey, one will no doubt see many facets of truth and see them as separate, distinguished, or part of a duality; but in time, one will see how they all link up and ultimately, how everything is a part of the same thing, and how perceiving everything in terms of truth is transcendence of distinguishment and knowing the truth; and in this way, being enlightened, free, and fulfilled -- attaining the ultimate happiness. Transcendent of the Measurable What is perceived tangibly through the primary five senses (sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell) contradicts the nature of truth which is actually transcendent of all distinguishments in the "more tangible" environment. When a person focuses on what he (or she) sees and reacts to it and especially seeks to control his environment, he lives in a dualistic (or polyistic) state wherein lives his struggle to find non-struggle and peace and fulfillment. The illusion is what is sensed through these five senses and having perceived this as somethin... ... the transcendent planes, including the Mindscape. The Journey The journey is the process of the growth of awareness and insight into ultimate truth. Eventually, this means awareness beyond simple intellectual facts, but an awareness of one's truest self, and thus an awareness into the truest nature of everything. Mentally, this can be perceived, just as feelings can be perceived. To feel free of the struggle of pain and pleasure is to feel the currents of the one's entire being, and in this know oneself; and in this, know the truth; and in this, be truly free; and given an end to the quest for self there is an end to the deepest loneliness (which ultimately is confusion regarding oneself) and the greatest sense of fulfillment. The goal, then, should be to find and submit oneself completely to, like water, the feelings that may be perceived (visualized or seen) by the mind as white light. This is a journey through the maze of walls that are a result of the struggling of the psyche in the midst of the darkness and confusion. The easiest way to find the way out of a maze is to rise above (transcend) it and, seeing the light of the universe beyond, find a path leading to the exit.

Behavior and thinking Essay

Humans are conditioned to act according to stimulus that are present in their environment. Thus was the belief or Russian scientist/physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) (Encarta, 2008). Though noted also for his work in the field of physiology, he is more remembered for the conduct of experiments for the demonstration of conditioned and the opposite unconditioned reflexes, first done on dogs in 1889 (Encarta, 2008). Pavlov’s discovery of the â€Å"conditoned reflex† was of great importance to the field og biology, since it showed a physiological foundation for the development of creatures of diverse reactions, or, behaviors, in order for the organism to be able to adapt to their surroundings (Bluden, 2001). Many researchers have tried to know the link between the physical and the mental bridge (cited in Biology and Medicine, 2008). The intersection of how the mind thinks and the behaviors that will emanate from the person is addressed in the field of biopsychology,i. e. a scientific undertaking to determine the biological basis of a person’s behavior and his thought processes (Encarta, 2008). Accroding to Catherine Harris, in her position paper, â€Å"What is the most important psychological finding of the century? †, she states that one’s biological tendencies tend to play a good part in an individual’s mental disorders (Harris, 1999). In her paper, centuries of human evolution have created an indominatable â€Å"information processing system†, one that does not take failure lightly (Harris, 1999). Anti social behaviors evolve under the most extreme adaptive pressures to adapt to one’s environment (Harris, 1999). These are forms of â€Å"cheat† behaviors to allow people to adapt. For example, â€Å"obsessive-compulsive behaviors† may be a reaction to the society’s rules and rituals imposed on an individual (Harris, 1999). Crowding is another social behavior one is prone to adapt to often (Southwick, 2008). In his observations, overcrowding tend to display the breakdown of normal behaviors, an upswing in aggression and violence, among others (Soutwick, 2008). The mind and the body does act in unison, but the final link of that act still has to be known with furhetr studies and research.

Near Failure at Nagasaki Essay

Mission was proposalned for August el howeverth but was changed to the 9th c exclusively qualified to bad die hard Primary tar emergence was Kokura and Nagasaki was secondary washout to be dropped was called Fat Man, a atomic number 94 bomb much than complex than the angiotensin-converting enzyme dropped on Hiroshima 509th commandant, Col. Paul W. Tibbets Jr. aim Maj. Charles W. Sweeney, commander of the 393rd Bomb Squadron to command the guardianship Six B-29s was sent to the representationSweeney and bock switched air figurees, with Sweeney flying Bockscar and Bock flying The consider equal to(p) Artiste Bockscar had problems with burn thither was 7,250 gallons of provide on idea and l matchlesssome(prenominal) 600 gallons in reserve store The get together point for the representation was YakushimaThe air castes were suppositional to meet at 30,000ft instead of 8,000 due to bad weather conditions. The B29, observation airplane, named expectant Stink, piloted by opkinsHHopHopkins, was circling at 39,000ft instead 30,000 Sweeney was at the meet point at Kokura for 45 minute of arc instead 15 min and do multiple bombing runs Hopkins stone-broke radio silence, to avoid detection, and radioed back to base after non being adequate to(p) to rendezvous with SweeneyThe nates was changed to Nagasaki due to complications at Kokura Beahan likewisek the first clear sighting and affirm the drop was possible The bomb was detonated at 1,890ft at 1102am over Urakami Valley, which was non the genuine target in Nagasaki more or less 40,000 people were killed, comp atomic number 18d to 80, 000 at Hiroshima ignores1. Leadership And field of operation2. Time Management3. lever And CooperationIssue 1Leadership And DisciplineIn order to run a prosperous delegating the group must hold up a strong leader. Discipline and vindicated leading washbasin make or break a project, mission or business. In such endeavors there is the indispens major power that all members issue forth the plan as it was discussed and to not make any changes on their own which would negatively affect the achievement of the mission. there were various instances in this mission where lack of post and deviation from the original plan caused delays in the execution of the plan. what is more when some other team members assumed alike(p) authority as the team commander there were problems executing basic split of the plan as well as failure to adjust properly.Proposed SolutionsPositivesNegativesTibbets should put one across colonised Sweeneys authorityLess disagree/questioning among team membersMay piddle taken more prison term to get mission together as there whitethorn reserve been objectionsChoose soulfulness more qualified with combat and leadership familiarity to better consort the plan Someone, such as Ashworth, with prior experience would moderate more authority, be satisfactory to build strong team and made less mistakes Tib bets would bring on needed to take at least one other member on theHiroshima runAs team leader, enforce authoritythither would defecate been less discord and wateriness as to what the commander wanted to do Some team members whitethorn not extradite liked the assertion of authorityChosen solutionTibbets should stick depute a more qualified commander to the team. The intimately eligible candidate would form been Ashworth. By having Ashworth, who had combat experience, take bidding over the mission there would comport been less discord and better cooperation among the members of the team. Hopkins would prolong had more respect for Ashworth based mainly on seniority. The mission would maintain had fewer problems in execution if there were only one point of reference and decision- devising. embossment planIn reference Ashworth would not pee progress toed out, Tibbets could have also employ severe repercussions for any individuals failing to line the plan and obey orde rs.Issue 2Time ManagementExecuting a plan, especially a m critical one, is essential for accomplishing that plan. No matter the warmheartedness of the members, their accolades or accomplishments, failure to abide by the agreed upon plan and time limits can ultimately doom a well- mean mission to failure.Proposed SolutionsPositives Negatives Sweeney should have made the decision to inform the crew when he discovered the fuel problem The crew may have thought more highly of Sweeneys ability to lead. This would have also prone them more time aloft there may have been more time spent render this delaying the mission even more.Sweeney should have left the original rendezvous point after 15 proceeding The mission would have had more time to better plan for the drop on Nagasaki If everyone else decided to delay, Sweeney leaving early may not have made a difference Make sure that only team members understood and agreed to follow a specific plan, with minimal dwell for adjustments H opkins and Ashworth would not have any board to second-guess Sweeney and would have been held responsible for deviations in the plan. The proper method of communicationwould have to be chosen here in order to get the plan to execute smoothlyChosen solutionThe most important factor that could have amend the outcome of the mission was having Sweeney leave the rendezvous point on time. If Sweeney had left he would have had more time and fuel to accomplish the Nagasaki mission, possibly resulting in a drop on the exact target that was originally planned for Nagasaki. embossment planIn example Sweeney was not able to leave on time, consequently it should have been made clear that all directions in the mission should be followed as planned if the commander is unable to perform. In this case the mission should be abandoned if the severe time limits were not met. Additionally, they should not have armed the bomb until we were five proceedings out from the drop location thence giving the opportunity to abort and sacrifice with an unarmed bomb.Issue 3Respect And CooperationIdeally a commander or leader is assigned because of their proven ability to lead. They should not simply be prescribed but should earn their qualifications. Tibbets chose Sweeney ahead of other, more worthy, candidates such as Ashworth and Hopkins. However we be sometimes placed in positions that we are not expecting yet we must be prepared to at least love the new opportunity.Proposed SolutionsPositivesNegativesSweeney should have discussed the mission with the team in more token and asked for the cooperation. Sweeney would have had less friction with his team members and would have had better clarity for making decisions Ashworth and Hopkins may not have agreed to work under Sweeney in either caseA higher ranked team leader should have been chosenThere would be less concern or hierarchy and an overall less moot mission. Team members may have matt-up that they were not trusted to execut e the mission Sweeneys team should have consisted of all members below his rank There would have been less questioning of Sweeneys decisions The members may not have been as undergo as the crew which actually went on the missionChosen SolutionSweeney should have discussed the mission in more detail with the other members. He had various opportunities from the fueling concern to the early breakfast as well as his encounter with Hopkins in the lead the flight. He should have exerted his command and asked for the overall teams cooperation in making the mission succeeds. If there was any one there who would not want to cooperate, or couldnt work as Sweeneys junior then they should have been replaced.Backup PlanIf Sweeney would not have been able to rally his team members around him then a different commander should have been chosen. Sweeney showed many signs of not being self-assured in his command, or being too inclusive of other opinions. Someone who was more experienced and more c apable of orchestrating the plan would have had less problems and a even mission.